Have the gains in student learning attributed to education technology justified colleges’ spending in this area? As part of Inside Higher Ed’s 2016 Survey of Faculty Attitudes on Technology, academic professionals, professors and technology leaders, were asked this question. The following table summarizes the responses:

If an academic professional is selected at random, what is the probability that he or she 

a. indicates gains in students’ learning attributable to education technology have justified colleges’ spending in this area?

b. is a technology leader?

c. indicates gains in students’ learning attributable to education technology have justified colleges’ spending in this area or is a technology leader?

d. Explain the difference in the results in (b) and (c).

ACADEMIC PROFESSIONAL JUSTIFIED? Professor Technology Leader Total 1,010 730 1,740 952 58 11 Yes No Total 719 1,671 69