Gov. Schwarzenegger After vetoing a bill from the Cali fornia State Assembly in 2009, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger published a letter (see Figure 4.6). People immediately noticed that the first letter on each line together spelled out a vulgarity. When confronted with this fact, a spokesperson said: “It was just a weird coincidence.”

(a) Assuming that a letter has eight lines, and that each of the 26 letters in the alphabet is equally likely to appear at the beginning of each line, what is the probability that this exact message would appear by chance?

(b) It is true that the Governor writes many letters each year, which means that the probability of any one letter spelling out this vulgar ity is higher than your answer to

(a) would suggest. Suppose that the Governor writes 100 eight-line letters each year. What is the prob ability that at least one of them will spell out the vulgarity?