In each of the following scenarios, determine the rejection region, the value of ????obs, the ????-value, and the appropriate testing decision on ????0.

(a) ????0 ∶ ???? ≤ 0.5, ???? = 0.01, ???? = 100, and ˆ???? = 0.55.

(b) ????0 ∶ ???? ≥ 0.25, ???? = 0.05, ???? = 300, and ˆ???? = 0.18.

(c) ????0 ∶ ???? = 0.45, ???? = 0.05, ???? = 400, and ˆ???? = 0.52.

(d) ????0 ∶ ???? ≤ 0.35, ???? = 0.01, ???? = 500, and ˆ???? = 0.38.