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psychology

Questions and Answers of Psychology

Drawing on your knowledge of research methods, what are the difculties in evaluating the success of OD programs?
Consider a common problem in classrooms, such as a difculty in communication between professor and students or an unclear grading policy. How might an OD consultant solve this problem? What OD
Describe the organizational culture of a company or frm you are familiar with.What are some of the sources of this company’s organizational culture?
What sorts of groups might operate efciently without a leader? How would leadership be shared in these groups?
Design a leadership training program for leaders of student organizations. Keep in mind the program characteristics that will maximize the efectiveness of the training program.
All contingency theories of leadership measure some characteristics of both the leader and the work situation. How do the diferent theories—Fiedler’s, path–goal, decision-making,
Tink of a leader of a work or social group whom you have known. How would you characterize this person’s leadership style or orientation? What theory of leadership best describes and explains this
Consider the distinction between task-oriented (initiating structure) and relationship-oriented (consideration) leader behaviors. List the roles that they play in each of the various contingency
Recall some instances in which you observed power used in a work or social group.Which power bases were used in each case? How efective were they in infuencing others’ behavior?
Consider the fve power bases described by French and Raven (1959). Give examples of how a manager might use each to increase work group productivity.
In what ways are infuence, power, and organizational politics diferent? In what ways are they similar?
What is the diference between team training and team building?
How are self-managing teams diferent from project-task forces?
What is meant by group polarization?
How do the approaches to team decision making (autocratic, democratic, consensus) difer in terms of the amount of time they take, the quality of the decision they achieve, and the buy-in of team
What is the diference between the rational decision-making model and the intuitive model?
What are some of the potential positive and negative outcomes of confict? Using a work or social group with which you have had contact, think of examples of confict that led to negative outcomes. How
Discuss the ways in which cohesiveness and confict can be seen as opposite forces in work groups.
Tink about what you have felt like when you frst started a new job and how important employee socialization can be. What are the elements that are going to lead to better organizational socialization
In what ways will the sources, channels, and audiences of the formal lines of communication and the informal lines of communication (grapevine) in an organization difer?
Consider the fve types of communication networks. What are the characteristics of each? Can you think of any special work groups that illustrate each network?
Tink of an organization with which you have had some contact, such as a work organization, a club or social group, or your college or university. What forms of downward, upward, and lateral
In what ways can nonverbal communication afect the interaction between a supervisor and a subordinate? Between two same-status coworkers?
List the steps in the basic communication model. Which factors infuence the efective fow of communication at each of the steps?
What experiences have you had in the workplace with harassment or bullying?What can organizations do to stop those events from happening?
Consider how the work world will be changing in the next several years. What are the implications for worker stress? Will there be more of it or less?
List the sources of stress in your own life. Ask a friend to do the same. Are there implications for defning and understanding important diferences in your two lists, or are they quite similar? What
What are some of the difculties in the measurement of employee job satisfaction?
Review the discussion of equal employment opportunity (EEO) issues in personnel training. What are the various ways that training programs could discriminate against members of protected groups
Consider the various designs for evaluating employee training programs. Although the more complex and sophisticated designs usually provide better evaluation, what are some of the difculties of
Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of on-site versus of-site training methods.
Consider a work organization that you have had some contact with, either one in which you were employed or one in which a friend or relative is working. Based on your knowledge, how might a training
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using graphic rating scales versus comparative methods in performance appraisals?
Tink of a job you have had in the past, or talk to someone you know about his or her job. Using what you know about the position, try to determine what the relevant performance criteria would be for
List some of the reasons why women are paid less than men are for comparable work. Tink of some stereotypically “female” jobs and comparable jobs that are stereotypically held by men. Are there
Using the preceding job, go to O*NET and fnd the code for that job title using the “Occupational listings,” sorted by title (www.onetcenter.org/occupations.html). Using the code, look up the
Compare and contrast the four specifc, structured methods of job analysis: the functional job analysis, the job element method, the Position Analysis Questionnaire, and the critical incidents
Using the study that you designed earlier, what are some of the ethical considerations in conducting the research? What information would you include in an informed consent form for that study’s
Consider the various measurement techniques used by I/O psychologists. Why are many of the variables used in I/O psychology difcult to measure?
Imagine that you chose a career path in I/O psychology. What research questions or practice issues interest you? How might these interests afect your choice of training in I/O psychology and the job
Consider the important trends in I/O psychology today. Are there any ways that these trends have afected or will afect your life as a worker?
Tink about tests you have taken, including any tests or interviews that you participated in to obtain a job. Apply the concepts of reliability and validity to those methods. Do you think the methods
Consider the historical advancements made by scientifc management, human relations, and the army’s intelligence testing programs. How has each of these infuenced what we know about work and about
Although I/O psychology is a distinct specialty area in the larger feld of psychology, consider how the topics studied by I/O psychologists might beneft from other psychology specialty areas. For
3. Rebellion against a narcissistic character is also an archetypal theme in movies. For example, Ethan (John Wayne) in The Searchers is an archetypal narcissist – a lone crusader cowboy hero.
2. Which elements of narcissism does your hero portray? Do these narcissistic character elements represent strengths or weakness in your hero’s character? If they are weaknesses, does you hero
1. Would you define the hero in your script as an American hero? Why, or why not?
6. How do the stories of your mad scientist characters’ resolve? Do they in some way encounter and integrate their mad creations?
5. Identify five movie characters who embody the mad scientist type.
4. Identify three movie characters who embody the gumshoe detective type.
3. Identify four movie characters who embody the gangster hero type.
2. Identify five movie characters who embody the renegade cop type.
1. Using your knowledge of film, identify five movie characters who embody the cowboy hero type.
3. A common problem at the end of a film is an abrupt ending lacking complete resolution and denouement. The audience needs to know not only how the story ends, but also what will happen after the
2. Heroes in the 2nd Act are often “possessed by the daemonic” –driven by dark obsessions of vengeance, hatred, rage, or destruction.As part of the hero’s development, he must overcome his
1. The murder or death of innocent loved ones in the 1st act is an archetypal theme for the hero. It provides the vital motivation of vengeance, and it also cuts the hero’s emotional ties with his
8. Analyze the film Memento from an existential point of view. Pay special attention to the intricate interplay between the hero’s sense of identity loss, his moments of epiphany, and his daemonic
7. How does each of these characters achieve epiphany?
6. Identity five film heroes whose primary conflict is the issue of identity loss.
5. Using the four-stage model of self-consciousness delineated in this chapter, analyze the character development of the heroes in the following films: Braveheart, Mad Max, The Matrix, Lord of the
4. Using the four-stage model of self-consciousness delineated in this chapter, analyze the character development of five of your favorite film heroes.
3. Analyze each of your examples and decide whether the moment when the daemon is purged is the same moment as the hero’s emotional catharsis.
2. How do these vengeful heroes exorcise their daemons?
1. Identify 10 film heroes who are “forces of vengeance” – driven by a daemonic possession to kill or destroy.
3. Analyze the hero’s character development in films such as Spiderman(2002), Mad Max 2: The Road Warrior (1981), and The Fisher King (19 91), in terms of Adler’s model of life styles.
2. Does your hero develop into someone who is more socially useful? If not, do you think that this sort of character development may add something to your script?
1. Would you define the hero in your script as a Greco-Roman hero (an Ubermensch) or as a Judeo-Christian hero (an underdog)? Why, or why not?
6. Find and analyze a film in which there is intrapersonal conflict –inner conflict within a character that drives him to develop from one type of life style into another. See if you can find a
5. Find and analyze a film in which there is interpersonal conflict between the four different character types delineated in this chapter.
4. Identify five movie characters who epitomize the life style of the socially useful type.
3. Identify five movie characters who epitomize the life style of the ruling type.
2. Identify five movie characters who epitomize the life style of the avoiding type.
1. Using your knowledge of film, identify five movie characters who epitomize the life style of the getting type.
3. Analyze the hero’s character development in films such as Spiderman(2002), Mad Max 2: The Road Warrior (1981), and The Fisher King (19 91), in terms of Adler’s model of life styles.
2. Does your hero develop into someone who is more socially useful? If not, do you think that this sort of character development may add something to your script?
1. Would you define the hero in your script as a Greco-Roman hero (an Ubermensch) or as a Judeo-Christian hero (an underdog)? Why, or why not?
6. Find and analyze a film in which there is intrapersonal conflict –inner conflict within a character that drives him to develop from one type of life style into another. See if you can find a
5. Find and analyze a film in which there is interpersonal conflict between the four different character types delineated in this chapter.
4. Identify five movie characters who epitomize the life style of the socially useful type.
3. Identify five movie characters who epitomize the life style of the ruling type.
2. Identify five movie characters who epitomize the life style of the avoiding type.
1. Using your knowledge of film, identify five movie characters who epitomize the life style of the getting type.
3. There is typically a moral element to the conflict between rivals. In Shane, the hero is fighting for the good homesteaders, while his rival– Wilson – is fighting for the evil cattle baron.
2. Rivalry for the love interest is a ubiquitous plot line, even in movies that are not overtly romantic. The romantic rivalry adds tension and conflict to the love interest theme. Does your hero
1. Most heroes experience rivalry at some level, whether or not the rival is a sibling or even a main character in the film. In Shane, the hero faces a rival early on – a tough cowboy in the
6. Do you have siblings? Analyze your relationships with your own siblings, and see if you can detect any elements of rivalry. Think about how any of these rivalry issues may have affected your goals
5. Analyze the rivalries in the following films: Whatever Happened to Baby Jane? Crimes and Misdemeanors, and The Royal Tennenbaums.
4. Do the rivalries in these films still contain some or most of the plot elements delineated in this chapter?
3. Identity three films in which the sibling rivalry theme is represented less directly – the rivals are not siblings, the rivals are not competing for parental or romantic love, the rivals are not
2. Do the rivalries in these films contain the plot elements delineated in this chapter?
1. Identity three films in which there is a classical sibling rivalry theme– brothers and/or sisters conflicting with each other.
3. Could including a scene in which your hero must deal with powerlessness add a level of tension to your plot?
2. Is there a character in your script with a superiority complex? If so, how could you add depth to this character by revealing the inferiority complex behind his or her over compensatory behavior?
1. What is your hero’s hamartia, or inferiority complex? What must your hero compensate for?
10. Analyze the following films and relate the plots to the child-hero formula described in this chapter: The Lion King, Cinderella, The Prince of Egypt, Snow White, Mulan, Hercules, Toy Story,
9. Identify 10 films that were marketed toward children that have animal heroes or animal characters in principal roles.
8. Identify 10 films that were marketed toward children that involve a role reversal plot.
7. List all of the great heroes from myth, legend, and film that you can think of. How many of these heroes are either orphaned or separated from their birth parents in infancy or childhood?
6. Identify five child heroes and analyze their primary goals and motivations. Can all of these themes be related in one way or another to the issue of powerlessness?
5. Identify the hamartia – the weakness or critical flaw – in your five superheroes.

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