In the article “Diagnostic testing for Lyme disease: beware of false positives” published in BC Medical Journal (Kling, 2015), the authors reported the sensitivity and specificity for two diagnostic tests, a two-step diagnostic test and a standard laboratory test, shown in Table 2.16. Assuming the prevalence of Lyme disease is 0.01, determine

(a) the positive predictive value of the two-step diagnostic test.

(b) the negative predictive value of the two-step diagnostic test.

(c) the positive predictive value of the laboratory diagnostic test.

(d) the negative predictive value of the laboratory diagnostic test.