Cambridge Checkpoint Lower Secondary Science Students Book 7 3rd Edition Peter Riley - Solutions

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12 Using the information in this chapter, write a short essay with the title ‘The changing Earth’.
11 a What process produces the water vapour in the air today?b Where does this process take place?c What happens to water vapour when it cools down?
10 What is smog made from?
9 Name three gases produced by the human civilisation that is harmful to human health.
8 Which gas makes up most of the atmosphere today?
7 What two gases do scientists think formed the first atmosphere on the Earth?
6 What is the difference between the Modified Mercalli intensity scale and the Richter magnitude scale?
5 What causes earthquakes?
4 What are tectonic plates?
3 How does the temperature change as you go from the Earth’s surface to its centre?
2 What is the part that we walk around on called?
1 What is the part at the centre of the Earth called?
12 You are given two samples of rock from an oasis. Plan an investigation to find out which one prevents water sinking into it and which one allows water to pass through it.
11 Which property does the non-porous rock have that lets it stop water passing through it?
10 Why can an oasis be a lifesaver to travellers lost in the desert?
9 What do you think makes clouds dark and predicts the coming of rain?
8 Someone put a post on the internet saying that because of the way the Earth is made, anyone anywhere on the planet could be affected by an earthquake and a volcanic eruption at any time.How would you explain that this is not true?
7 Area A has had two weak earthquakes in the last 200 years and area B has had four strong earthquakes during the same time.Which area will probably have an earthquake first? Could you make a guess at about the time each area will probably experience its next earthquake?
6 What conclusion can you draw from comparing Figures 16.6 and 16.3? How good is your evidence for your conclusion? Explain your answer.
5 If you were to take another boiled egg and use it as a model of the Earth, how would you use a spoon to make it more realistic after learning about tectonic plates?
4 On which tectonic plate do you live?
3 How is the crust different from the mantle?
2 How is the mantle different from the core?
1 Why is the centre of the Earth hot?
12 There is a unit of measurement called the astronomical unit, which is the average distance of the Earth from the Sun. Here are the average distances from the Sun of the first six planets in the solar system in astronomical units:1.0 0.4 9.6 5.2 0.7 1.52 a Produce a table of these data, using
11 Describe how a planet forms.
10 What kind of eclipse occurs when the Earth is between the Sun and the Moon?
9 What kind of eclipse occurs when the Moon is between the Sun and the Earth?
8 What kind of tide occurs when the Moon, Earth and Sun are all in line?
7 How do the tides move on a shore?
6 What is an interstellar object?
5 a What did scientists originally think was at the centre of the solar system?b What did the model of Copernicus have at the centre of the solar system?
4 Name two gas giants in the solar system.
3 What do scientists think started causing this cloud to rotate?
2 What was in the cloud the solar system formed from?
1 a What sort of particles do planets form from?b What pulls these particles together?
9 How are an eclipse of the Sun and an eclipse of the Moon a similar b different?
8 Explain what solar and lunar eclipses are and the conditions required for them to happen.
7 Describe the tidal forces on Earth as a consequence of the gravitational attraction between the Earth, Moon and Sun.
6 The Sun is much larger than the Moon, yet its gravitational pull on the oceans is less than that of the Moon. Why?
5 Use the internet to search for the latest reports of interstellar objects. Check more than one report about the same object. Look for different ideas about the object. Some reports may be biased towards aliens and claim that the object is an alien spacecraft!Other reports may use our knowledge
4 What planets are missing from the Copernicus model of the solar system? Use the internet to find out who discovered them and when.
3 Was our knowledge of the solar system built up from observations and ideas in one place on the Earth? Explain your answer.
2 What were the earliest observations on the stars and planets used for?
1 List the models that have been used to explain the heavens and the movement of the objects in it.
9 How is the symbol for a buzzer different from the symbol for a lamp used in the circuit diagrams in this chapter?
8 How would you measure current flow in a simple circuit with an ammeter?
7 What is the shorter word for ampere and what is its symbol?
6 When you set up a circuit, why must you make sure that all the components are securely fastened together?
5 What is the circuit component which is used to start and stop a flow of electricity?
4 a What component is used to test to see if a lemon battery is producing a current of electricity in a circuit?b How does this component show electricity is flowing?
3 The results from an early electrical experiment suggested that muscles contained electricity. What did Alessandro Volta replace the muscles with in his experiment?
2 What is the name of materials that let electrons flow through them?
1 Where would you find electrons in an atom?
12 Compare the circuit in Figure 14.14 with the one in Figure 14.13b. Do you think the lamps will glow with the same brightness? Explain your answer.
11 Predict the brightness of the lamps in the circuits in Figure 14.13 compared with that of a single lamp in a circuit with one cell.Use one of the following descriptions in each case: very dim, dimmer, the same, brighter, very bright.(All the lamps are identical and all the cells have the same
10 A wire carrying a current of electricity can be described as being similar to a stream carrying a current of water. In what ways are the wire and the stream similar?
9 Towards which terminal of the power supply should the negative(black) terminal of an ammeter be connected?
8 To think about current and electron flow, try these simple calculations. How many electrons are flowing per second past a point in a circuit in which there is a current of:a 0.5 A b 5 A c 30 A?
7 In Figure 14.10, the bases of the cells (on the right) are the negative terminals and the caps (on the left) are the positive terminals. How can you distinguish between the positive and negative terminals in a cell in the circuit diagram in Figure 14.9?
6 a How does the wire in the filament behave differently to other wires in the circuit when the current flows?b What property of the wire accounts for this difference?
5 Describe the path of an electron around the circuit in Figure 14.8 when the switch is pressed down.
4 How did the study of electricity help the study of chemistry?
3 What idea did Davy have after learning about the experiment of Nicholson and Carlisle?
2 What did Volta take from Galvani’s experiment to make his first device? Which material that Galvani used did Volta change in his first device?
1 What other conclusion could Galvani have drawn about his work on metals and frogs’ legs?
6 Describe how a sound wave moves through the air. You may use some diagrams in your answer.
5 When you clap your hands 18 metres from a wall a what happens when the sound waves reach the wall?b what do you hear shortly after?
4 What happens when a sound wave is reflected?
3 Does sound travel through a vacuum? Explain your answer.
2 Why can sound travel in gases, liquids and solids?
1 Write down a word that completes the following sentence:When the end of a ruler goes up and down it is said to __________________.
9 Using your knowledge from your work on echoes, what sort of surface do you think Newton may have used in his investigation?
8 Why do you think the experiment to find the speed of sound in water was done at night?
7 If you were checking the sounds produced by various parts of a car, what would they be?
6 What is an echo?
5 Why do you cup your hand to your ear to hear a whisper?
4 Why is your shout louder when you cup your hands around your mouth?
3 Why is it that a bell in a sealed bell-jar:a can be heard when the jar is full of air?b cannot be heard when a vacuum is created in the jar?
2 Compare the particle model of sound shown in Figure 13.8 with the spring shown in Figure 13.5. What are the strengths and limitations of using the spring as a model to show how air particles pass a sound wave through the air?
1 When using the spring, which coils represent the air particles a being close together b spreading out?
7 A second group of students investigated the potential energy of a brass sphere, diameter 2.5 cm, which was dropped from different heights into soft clay. They measured the diameter of the indent made by the sphere. Table 12.2 shows their results for four experiments.a How do you think the
6 A group of students was investigating the potential energy in a nail 15 cm long. They suspended it above a block of soft clay, measured the distance to its tip, and then let it go. The students measured the depth to which the nail sank in the clay. Table 12.1 shows their results for four
5 Why is dissipated energy also called wasted energy?
4 What happens to energy during the dissipation of energy?
3 What form of energy are radio waves?
2 When you raise your hand to turn the page of this book, what kind of energy does your hand have?
1 Name three forms of stored energy.
15 In a film, the star is running away from danger. She jumps in a car, turns the key and the engine makes a ‘rrr rrr rrr’ sound but will not start. What could be the cause?
14 What is the wasted energy in each of the energy transfers in Question 8 on page 136?
13 Draw an energy transfer diagram for the human body. The energy input is the stored chemical energy in food.
12 What do you think might happen to a seedling shoot if it was growing from a seed that had been planted too deeply?
11 Draw an energy transfer diagram for respiration.
10 What investigation could you make with a balloon to find out if different amounts of stored strain energy are transferred into different amounts of kinetic or sound energy?
9 What materials does the plant from point D above use to make its stored chemical energy? (Look back at page 6 if you cannot remember).
8 Draw energy transfer diagrams for:a winding up a clock-work car b letting a clock-work car run c letting a battery-powered car run.
7 If you are wearing a watch, what energy transfers are taking place in it right now?
6 What main energy transfers take place in the following examples?a a clockwork toy b a child kicking a football c a boiling kettle on a gas ring d a person walking upstairs
5 In what ways is electrical energy put to work in your home?
4 Look out of a window and make a list of everything you can see that has a store of kinetic energy.

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Cambridge Checkpoint Lower Secondary Science Students Book 7 3rd Edition Peter Riley - Solutions

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