Which of the following is the appropriate fi rst step in any research project?

a. Evaluate secondary research to see if you can reuse anything from earlier research projects.

b. Conduct a preliminary phone survey to measure the extent of the issue you’re about to research.

c. Conduct a thorough statistical analysis of any existing data.

d. Develop a research plan by familiarizing yourself with the subject, identifying information gaps, and prioritizing research needs.