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environmental economics
Questions and Answers of
Environmental Economics
What could you do to limit the air pollution you create?
What are the three major water services provided by metropolitan areas?
How does irrigation increase salinity?
Define groundwater mining.
Why is stormwater management more of a problem in an urban area than in a rural area?
What are the types of wastes associated with agriculture?
Describe primary, secondary, and tertiary sewage treatment.
What is thermal pollution? How can it be controlled?
How are most industrial wastes disposed of? How has this changed over the past 25 years?
Differentiate between point and nonpoint sources of water pollution.
How can the addition of nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates result in a reduction of the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water?
What is biochemical oxygen demand? How is it related to water quality?
How is land use related to water quality and quantity? Can you provide local examples?
What are the similarities between domestic and industrial water use?How are they different from in-stream use?
Distinguish between withdrawal and consumption of water.
Describe the hydrologic cycle.
Look at the hydrologic cycle in figure 15.3 . If global warming increases the worldwide temperature, how should increased temperature directly affect the hydrologic cycle?
How might you be able to help save freshwater in your daily life?Would the savings be worth the costs?
What are the costs and the benefits of the proposed Garrison Diversion Unit? What do you think should happen with this project?
Do you believe that large-scale hydroelectric power plants should be promoted as a renewable alternative to power plants that burn fossil fuels? What criteria do you use for this decision?
Should the United States allow Mexico to have water from the Rio Grande and the Colorado River, both of which originate in the United States and flow to Mexico?
Do nonfarmers have an interest in how water is used for irrigation?Under what conditions should the general public be involved in making these decisions along with the farmers who are directly
Leakage from freshwater distribution systems accounts for significant losses. Is water so valuable that governments should require systems that minimize leakage to preserve the resource? Under what
List three reasons many sustainable farms are small family enterprises.
What characteristics have been introduced into insect-resistant and herbicide-resistant genetically modified crops?
How is a genetically modified organism different from other organisms?
Describe three techniques used to control pests that do not involve the use of pesticides.
Explain why a complete knowledge of the biology of a pest is important in using integrated pest management.
How do sustainable farming practices differ from conventional mechanized monoculture?
Describe how some populations of pests become resistant to pesticides.
What is biomagnification? What problems does it cause?
How do persistent and nonpersistent pesticides differ?
Describe why pesticides are commonly used in mechanized agriculture.
List two functions of soil organic matter.
What are micronutrients? How do they differ from macronutrients?
List three advantages and three disadvantages of large-scale mechanized monoculture.
Why are fertilizers used? What problems are caused by fertilizer use?
How were the invention of machines and the development of monoculture linked?
List conditions that make labor-intensive farming necessary.
Why is abandonment of fields important in a shifting agriculture system?
How does the practice of shifting agriculture provide nutrients for the growth of agricultural products?
Why are few consumers demanding alternative methods of crop production, and why are farmers not using those methods?
Imagine you are an EPA official who is going to make a recommendation about whether an agricultural pesticide can remain on the market or should be banned. What are some of the facts you would need
Do you think that current agricultural practices are sustainable? Why or why not? What changes in agriculture do you think will need to happen in the next 50 years?
Are the risks of pesticide use worth the benefits? What values, beliefs, and perspectives lead you to this conclusion?
Imagine that you are a scientist examining fish in Lake Superior and you find toxaphene in the fish you are studying. Toxaphene was used primarily in cotton farming and has been banned since 1982.
Look at table 14.1 . What caused the changes in the effectiveness of the insecticide? If you were an agricultural extension agent, what alternatives to pesticides might you recommend?
If you were a public health official in a developing country, would you authorize the spraying of DDT to control mosquitoes that spread malaria? What would be your reasons?
Besides cropland, what are other possible uses of soil?
Describe three soil conservation practices that help to reduce soil erosion.
Define erosion.
Describe a soil profile.
How does soil particle size affect texture and drainage?
In addition to fertility, what other characteristics determine the usefulness of soil?
Name five physical and chemical processes that break parent material into smaller pieces.
Describe the process of soil formation.
Name the five major components of soil.
How are soil and land different?
Look at your own community. Can you see examples of improper land use (urban or rural)? What are the consequences of these land-use practices?What recommendations would you make to improve land use?
Imagine that you are a scientist hired to consult on a project to evaluate land-use practices at the edge of a small city. The area in question has deep ravines and hills. What kinds of agricultural,
Why should nonfarmers be interested in soil conservation?
Given what you know about soil formation, how might you explain the presence of a thick A horizon in soils in the North American Midwest?
As populations grow, should we try to bring more land into food production, or should we use technology to aid in producing more food on the land we already have in production? What are the
Minimum tillage soil conservation often uses greater amounts of herbicides to control weeds. What do you think about this practice?Why?
Give examples of conflict over the use of federally owned property.
List four major federal agencies that manage federal lands and their primary responsibilities.
List ten common smart growth principles.
Describe three common land-use issues cities must deal with.
What role do state and regional planning, purchasing of land, and use restrictions play in implementing land-use plans?
List eight principles that should be involved in good land-use planning.
Why is an understanding of the geology and resource base of an area important in land-use planning?
Describe three values provided by wetlands.
What land uses are suitable on floodplains?
How does the development of suburbs around a city contribute to loss of open space, and air and water pollution problems?
What characteristics of suburbs contribute to high infrastructure and high energy costs?
What characteristics of suburbs contribute to a loss of sense of community?
State three consequences of the dominance of the automobile as a means of transport in urban areas.
Describe how each of the following factors contributed to the development of suburban sprawl: automobiles, home ownership, tax laws, local zoning ordinances, federal government policies.
What is a megalopolis?
Describe tract development, ribbon sprawl, and leapfrog development.
List three physical and three social consequences of suburban sprawl.
List three factors that encouraged people to leave the cities for suburbs.
List three factors that encouraged people to move from rural farms to cities in the 1800s.
Why did urban centers develop near waterways?
List three reasons why land-use planning is necessary.
Imagine that you lived in an area of the country that has the potential to be named a wilderness area. What conflicts do you think would arise from such a declaration? Who might be some of the
Imagine you are a U.S. Forest Service supervisor who is creating a ten-year plan that is in the public comment stage. What interests would be contacting you? What power would each interest have?How
There has been tremendous development in the arid West of the United States over the past few decades, creating demands for water.How should these demands be met? Should there be limits to this type
Consider the outer rim of the city closest to you. Which, if any, of the problems associated with unplanned growth are associated with your city? What factors make them a problem? What do you think
What historical factors brought members of your family to the city?How does this compare to the factors that are currently contributing to the growth of cities in the developing world?
Choose the city where you live. Interview local residents and look at old city maps. What did the city look like 75 years ago? What were the city’s boundaries? Where did people do their shopping?
Pharmaceutical companies are helping some developing countries to preserve their rainforests so these companies can look for organisms with possible pharmacological value. How do you feel about these
A Pacific Northwest Native American tribe has been permitted to hunt an endangered whale species to preserve its traditional culture and uphold its treaty rights. Now there is fear that other
Would you support clearing of forests and plowing of grasslands that are ecologically important in order to support agriculture in countries that have significant hunger? Where do you draw the line
Perhaps 98 percent to 99 percent of all species that have ever existed are extinct. Nearly all went extinct long before humans arrived on the scene. Why should we be concerned about the extinction of
Describe the role of the Red List of Threatened Species in species conservation.
Describe the relationship between habitat needs of a species and the overall survival success of the species.
List three actions that can be taken to prevent extinctions.
List three examples of ecosystem services provided by biological resources.
What is extinction, and why does it occur?
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