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Questions and Answers of Financial Management

2. Compare and contrast B DNA and Z DNA.
1. Outline the key structural features of the DNA double helix.
2. Describe how DNA gyrase causes DNA supercoiling.
1. Outline the processes that make a bacterial chromosome more compact.
4. Describe how colchicine is used to produce polyploid species
3. Explain why allotetraploids are more likely than allodiploids to be fertile.
2. Compare and contrast autopolyploidy, alloploidy, and allopolyploidy.
1. Describe the mechanisms of meiotic and mitotic nondisjunction and their possible phenotypic consequences.
2. Analyze the results of (1) Griffith, (2) Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty, and (3) Hershey and Chase, and explain how they indicate that DNA is the genetic material.
1. List the four criteria that the genetic material must meet.
2. Describe the four levels of complexity of DNA.
1. Define nucleic acid.
2. Compare and contrast the structures of nucleotides found in DNA and in RNA.
1. Describe the structure of a nucleotide.
2. Describe examples of aneuploidy in humans.
1. Explain why aneuploidy usually has a detrimental effect on phenotype.
2. Compare and contrast polyploidy and aneuploidy.
1. Define euploid and aneuploid.
2. With regard to gene duplications, which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?a. Gene duplications may be caused by nonallelic homologous recombination.b. Large gene duplications are more
1. Which of the following statements is correct?a. If a deletion and a duplication are the same size, the deletion is more likely to be harmful.b. If a deletion and a duplication are the same size,
2. Explain how certain bacterial species preferentially take up DNA from their own species.
1. Outline the steps of bacterial transformation.
2. Explain the relevance of bacterial horizontal gene transfer in medicine.
1. Define horizontal gene transfer.
4. Interpret the results of an experiment that uses the technique of comparative genomic hybridization.
3. Define copy number variation.
2. Describe how deletions and duplications may affect the phenotype of an organism.
1. Explain how deletions and duplications occur.
4. Describe how reciprocal translocations align during meiosis and how they segregate.
3. Explain two mechanisms that result in reciprocal translocations.
2. Diagram the production of abnormal chromosomes as the result of crossing over in inversion heterozygotes.
1. Define pericentric inversion and paracentric inversion.
1. A bacterial cell with an F factor conjugates with an F− cell.Following conjugation, the two cells will bea. F+.b. F−.c. one F+ and one F−.d. none of the above.
2. Which of the following is a type of plasmid?a. F factor (fertility factor)b. R factor (resistance plasmid)c. Virulence plasmidsd. All of the above are types of plasmids.
3. Construct a genetic map using data from conjugation experiments.
2. Describe how bacterial cells of an Hfr strain can transfer genes to recipient cells.
1. Explain how an Hfr strain is produced.
1. A form of genetic transfer that involves the uptake of a fragment of DNA from the environment is calleda. conjugation.b. transduction.c. transformation.d. all of the above.
4. Evaluate the endosymbiosis theory.
3. Explain how mutations in mitochondrial genes cause human diseases.
2. Predict the outcome of crosses involving extranuclear inheritance.
1. Describe the general features of the mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes.
2. Explain how linkage affects the outcome of crosses.
1. Define genetic linkage.
4. Analyze the experiment of Stern, and explain how it indicated that recombinant offspring carry chromosomes that are the result of crossing over.
3. Apply a chi square test to distinguish between linkage and independent assortment.
2. Explain how the distance between linked genes affects the proportions of recombinant and nonrecombinant offspring.
1. Describe how crossing over can change the arrangements of alleles along a chromosome.
2. Calculate the map distance between genes in fungi using tetrad analysis.
1. Explain the experimental advantage of genetic mapping of fungi.
3. Compare and contrast different types of plasmids.
2. Outline the steps of conjugation via F factors.
1. Analyze the work of Lederberg and Tatum and that of Davis, and explain how the data indicated that some strains of bacteria can transfer genetic material via direct physical contact.
1. In fruit flies, dosage compensation is achieved bya. X-chromosome inactivation.b. doubling the expression of genes on the single X chromosome in the male.c. halving the expression of genes on each
3. Which of the following is not a phase of XCI?a. Nucleationb. Spreadingc. Maintenanced. Erasure
2. According to the Lyon hypothesis,a. one of the X chromosomes is converted to a Barr body in somatic cells of female mammals.b. one of the X chromosomes is converted to a Barr body in all cells of
3. Explain the molecular mechanism of imprinting.
2. Predict the outcome of crosses involving imprinted genes.
1. Define genomic imprinting.
3. Explain the mechanism of maternal effect at the molecular and cellular levels.
2. Predict the outcome of crosses for genes that exhibit a maternal effect pattern of inheritance.
1. Define maternal effect.
4. Explain how X-chromosome inactivation may affect the phenotype of female mammals.
3. Describe the process of X-chromosome inactivation in mammals.
2. Compare and contrast the mechanisms of dosage compensation in different animal species.
1. Define epigenetics.
2. Predict how lethal alleles may affect the outcome of a cross.
1. Describe the different types of lethal alleles.
3. Describe examples that explain the molecular mechanisms of epistasis, complementation, gene modifier effects, and gene redundancy.
2. Predict the outcome of crosses involving epistasis, complementation, gene modifiers, and gene redundancy.
1. Define gene interaction.
2. Predict the outcome of crosses involving sex-influenced inheritance.
1. Compare and contrast sex-influenced inheritance and sex-limited inheritance.
2. Hemophilia is a blood-clotting disorder in humans that follows an X-linked recessive pattern of inheritance. A man with hemophilia and a woman without hemophilia have a daughter with hemophilia.
1. A cross is made between a white-eyed female fruit fly and a redeyed male. What would be the reciprocal cross?a. Female is XwXw and male is XwY.b. Female is Xw+Xw+ and male is Xw+Y.c. Female is
2. A person with type AB blood has a child with a person with type O blood. What are the possible blood types of the child?a. A or Bb. A, B, or Oc. A, B, AB, or Od. O only
1. A pink-flowered four-o’clock is crossed to a red-flowered plant.What is the expected outcome for the offspring’s phenotypes?a. All pinkb. All redc. 1 red : 2 pink : 1 whited. 1 red : 1 pink
2. Explain pseudoautosomal inheritance.
1. Predict the outcome of crosses for X-linked inheritance.
1. The outcome of an individual’s traits is controlled bya. genes.b. the environment.c. both genes and the environment.d. neither genes nor the environment.
2. Define norm of reaction.
1. Discuss the role of the environment with regard to an individual’s traits.
2. Explain the underlying molecular mechanisms of incomplete dominance, overdominance, and codominance.
1. Predict the outcome of crosses involving incomplete dominance, overdominance, and codominance.
3. Describe how traits can exhibit incomplete penetrance and vary in their expressivity.
2. Explain why loss-of-function alleles often follow a recessive pattern of inheritance.
1. Define wild-type allele and genetic polymorphism.
2. Describe the molecular mechanisms that account for Mendelian inheritance patterns involving single genes.
1. Compare and contrast the different types of Mendelian inheritance patterns.
3. Explain how plants alternate between haploid and diploid generations.
2. Describe how animals make sperm and egg cells.
1. Define sexual reproduction.
4. Analyze the results of Morgan’s experiment, which showed that a gene affecting eye color in fruit flies is located on the X chromosome.
3. Outline different mechanisms of sex determination.
2. Explain the relationship between meiosis and Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
1. List the key tenets of the chromosome theory of inheritance.
3. Evaluate the validity of a hypothesis using a chi square test.
2. Predict the outcomes of crosses using the product rule or the binomial expansion equation.
1. Define probability.
4. Summarize the similarities and differences between homologous chromosomes.

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