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business
financial markets institutions
Questions and Answers of
Financial Markets Institutions
Differentiate an ordinary annuity from an annuity due.
Contrast compounding and discounting.
Differentiate the roles played by the two parties to a swap agreement.
Explain the roles of financial, currency, and stock index futures.
Illustrate how hedgers use futures contracts to reduce the risk of loss from fluctuations in prices.
Show how the use of margin leverages the potential return in a futures contract.
Demonstrate the role of margin requirements in the futures markets, and explain the phrase “marked to the market”.
Illustrate how speculators earn profits and sustain losses in the futures markets.
Contrast long and short positions in futures contracts.
List the features of futures contracts.
Identify the advantages associated with stock index options.
Contrast naked and covered call option writing.
Compare buying a stock and a call option.
Explain the relationship between the market price of a stock and the prices of put and call options.
Explain how options offer leverage.
Differentiate an option’s market value, intrinsic value, and time premium.
Go to the CBOE home page (www.cboe.com) and select an index option based on each of the following stock indexes: (1) the S&P 500, (2) the Russell 1000, and (3) the Dow Jones Industrial Average.
Describe the features of put and call options.
Describe the impact of capitalizing a lease on a firm’s balance sheet, its financial ratios, and the use of financial leverage.
Isolate the importance of an asset’s residual value to the lease-versus-buy decision.
Determine if a firm should lease or buy equipment.
Define a balloon payment and explain when it applies.
List the features of intermediate-term debt.
Identify why factoring may be an expensive source of funds.
Illustrate how pledging an asset may be used as a source of short-term financing.
Explain why trade credit is a source of credit for many firms while commercial paper is a source for larger, creditworthy companies.
Estimate the interest rate paid on a commercial bank loan, trade credit, and commercial paper.
Explain why trade credit is a spontaneous source of funds.
List common features of a commercial bank loan.
Distinguish among commercial bank loans, trade credit, and commercial paper as a source of funds.
Calculate the different annual yields on a discounted, money market security.
Determine if a change in credit policy will generate increased earnings.
Determine the maximum inventory, the average inventory, and the minimum inventory using the EOQ model.
Explain how the operating cycle leads to fluctuations in the need for current assets.
Define working capital, net working capital, and working capital policy.
Explain the purpose of the cash budget.
Explain how dividend policy affects the need for external financing.
Illustrate the percent of sales method of forecasting.
Identify the assets and liabilities that spontaneously vary with the level of sales.
Illustrate how certainty equivalents and beta coefficients may be used to adjust for risk when applying NPV and IRR.
Adjust the firm’s cost of capital for difference in risk associated with long-term investments.
Explain how cash inflows may be adjusted for the probability of their occurrence.
Differentiate stand-alone and portfolio risk.
Define mutually exclusive investments and be able to select among them.
Describe the reinvestment assumption employed by NPV and IRR methods of capital budgeting.
Determine if an investment should be made, using NPV and IRR.
Calculate an investment’s net present value and internal rate of return.
Distinguish between an investment’s earnings and its cash flows.
Explain the relationship between the optimal capital structure and the value of a firm’s stock.
Distinguish between the average and marginal cost of funds.
Determine the firm’s optimal capital structure.
Explain why a firm’s cost of capital changes with changes in its capital structure.
Differentiate among the factors that affect the cost of debt, the cost of preferred stock, and the cost of common stock.
Identify the components of a firm’s capital structure.
Contrast debt and preferred stock as a source of financial leverage.
Determine the cost of debt.
Explain how the use of financial leverage affects the return on equity.
Illustrate the impact of substituting fixed for variable cost on the volatility of earnings.
Explain the impact of leverage on operating income and net income.
Determine the sources of operating and financial leverage.
Enumerate several weaknesses associated with the payback period as a method for selecting long-term investments.
Determine an investment’s payback period.
Identify a potential use for break-even analysis.
Calculate the break-even level of output.
Differentiate fixed from variable costs.
Calculate the amount of taxes owed given an amount of taxable income.
Enumerate the differences and similarities among the forms of business.
Identify the features that differentiate exchange-traded funds and other investment companies.
Identify several considerations when selecting an investment company for possible inclusion in your portfolio.
Explain why mutual fund returns over time tend to track the market as a whole.
Differentiate mutual funds based on their portfolios.
List several costs associated with investing in a mutual fund.
Contrast a closed-end investment company’s discount or premium.
The Internet is a major source of information concerning mutual funds.General sources include:American Association of Individual Investors: www.aaii.com Bloomberg Financial
Determine a fund’s net asset value.
Many mutual funds are part of a family of funds under the umbrella of a fund sponsor. Select four of these fund sponsors and answer the following questions.American Century:
Differentiate closed-end and open-end investment companies.
Distinguish between an investor’s return and historical returns.
Compare aggregate returns on different classes of assets.
Differentiate the holding period and the annualized rate of return.
Determine what affects the return on an investment in a convertible.
Explain why a convertible security is always callable and when a company may call the security.
Describe the premiums paid for a convertible bond.
Calculate the value of a convertible security as debt.
Calculate the value of a convertible security as stock.
Isolate the relationship between changes in interest rates and the price of a preferred stock.
Determine the value of a preferred stock.
Calculate earnings per share, earnings per preferred share, and timespreferred-dividend-earned.
List the features of preferred stock.
Explain why the realized return on an investment in a bond may not equal the yield to maturity.
Demonstrate when the current yield exceeds (or is less than) the yield to maturity.
Differentiate the current yield from the yield to maturity.
Calculate the yield to maturity.
Explain the relationship between changes in interest rates and bond prices.
Determine the price of a bond.
Differentiate the types of federal government debt.
Differentiate the types of corporate bonds.
Explain the roles of the trustee and credit ratings.
Identify the general characteristics of bonds.
Use multiplier models such as the price/earnings (P/E) ratio to value common stock.
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