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macroeconomics principles

Questions and Answers of Macroeconomics Principles

1. 3. Match each concept in Column A with a definition or example in Column B:Column A Column B 1. Opportunity for developing countries to protect nature reserves or pursue environmentally friendly
1. 2. Begin at the Web site of the Global Footprint Network(www.footprintnetwork.org) and locate the “Footprint for Nations”under Footprint Basics. Access (or download) the latest Data Tables (in
1.1. Issues of environmental sustainability can sometimes be a bit abstract.This exercise is designed then to an individual level. Start at www.footprintnetwork.org/and familiarize yourself with the
1. 11. What is a steady-state economy?
1. 10. What are “green Keynesian” policies? Give some examples.
1. 9. What are some examples of local sustainability?
1. 8. How do environmental impacts differ across the three global income classes?
1. 7. What is the idea of sufficiency?
1. 6. What is a debt-for-nature swap?
1. 5. What are tradable permit systems?
1. 4. What are “green” taxes?
1. 3. What is the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis? What is the evidence regarding this hypothesis?
1. 2. What are some of the projected effects of future climate change?
1.1. What are some of the environmental issues related to economic growth?
1. 2. Do you agree with Keynes’s belief that industrialized countries will soon reach a point at which needs will be “satisfied in the sense that we prefer to devote our further energies to
1.1. Are you optimistic or pessimistic about the future when it comes to reducing global inequalities? Do you believe that the world will be less or more unequal in 50 years? What about environmental
1. 2. Do you think that an economic system can prosper without growth? Can we distinguish among growth in GDP, growth in employment, and growth in well-being? To what extent do these necessarily go
1.1. Cutting the length of the standard full-time workweek could be one way to keep people employed while cutting down on the “throughput” of materials and energy. Can you think of other policies
1. 2. Does reducing environmental impacts require sacrifice, or can it be done in ways that increase overall well-being?
1.1. How do you think your environmental impacts compare with those of the average person in the world?
1. 2. What do you think should be done by the European Union and your country in response to global climate change? Can you think of specific policies that would reduce carbon emissions without
1.1. How do you think we should evaluate the economic impacts of climate change? Check the short executive summary of the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change (see Box 19.1). Do you agree
1. 2. Do you consider yourself a “technological optimist”? Do you believe that natural resource constraints represent a serious threat to economic production in the future? If so, which resources
1.1. Are you concerned about the future impacts of population growth and resource and environmental impacts? Do you think there should be some limits to population and/or economic growth?
1. 15. What is the evidence regarding the performance of the Washington Consensus recommendations?nt of the world’s population 8. A structural reform under the Washington Consensus 9. 2 percent 10.
1. 14. What are the main principles of the Washington Consensus?
1. 13. What has been the most significant source of foreign capital for economic development in recent years?
1. 12. By what different methods can foreign capital be provided to promote economic development?
1. 11. How can export development both promote and threaten economic growth?
1. 10. Is an abundance of natural capital a prerequisite for economic development?
1. 9. How can investment be used to promote economic development?
1. 8. What is the evidence for and against economic convergence?
1. 7. What is the concept of convergence in economic growth?
1. 6. About how much of the world’s income goes to the richest 20 percent?How much goes to the world’s poorest 40 percent?
1. 5. What factors are generally considered responsible for GDP growth in developed countries? Have the factors responsible for growth been the same in all developed countries?
1. 4. How evenly has economic growth been distributed among different countries in recent decades?
1. 3. What was the Industrial Revolution? What factors were essential in creating the Industrial Revolution?
1. 2. How can economic growth be represented using the AS/AD graphs discussed in Chapter 13?
1.1. Which two variables can be added together to obtain the growth rate of GDP in a country?
1. 2. How would you balance the issue of human development with the issue of economic growth? Is growth essential for human development? Could the answer differ for different countries? What kinds of
1.1. How important to you are your income goals relative to your other goals? A recent survey, for example, asked respondents to say whether each of the following was absolutely necessary, very
1. 3. What does the mixed success in achieving the Millennium Development Goals say about current development policies?
1. 2. Do you think the Sustainable Development Goals are realistic or achievable?
1.1. Do you think the categories in the Multidimensional Index of Poverty do a good job of reflecting who is truly poor? If you were asked to add one item to this list, what would it be?
1. 2. Think of a poor country that you know a little about—even if what you know is just where it is on a world map and who its neighbors are.Considering the varieties of sources of economic
1.1. Do you think that the economic challenges faced by developing countries today are the same as those faced by industrialized countries when they were starting out? If not, how are they different?
1. 2. What, according to Rostow, are the five “stages of growth” through which all countries must pass in order to become developed? Do you think this theory fits with the actual experience of
1.1. How, according to twentieth-century theory, can a country achieve GDP growth? How is growth related to the capital endowments—and which kinds of capital are most important?
1. 5. Match each concept in Column A with a definition or example in Column B.Column A Column Ba. International Monetary Fund 1. ECB program to buy government bondsb. European stability mechanism 2.
1. 4. Use the AS/AD model we have used in former chapters. Assume now a combination of strong austerity and structural reforms in goods and labor markets (as they were combined in the economic
1. 3. The chapter identifies a series of contributing factors in its exploration of the underlying causes of the euro crisis. It also explains some policy measures taken during the crisis. Identify
1. 2. How did the euro area perform economically relative to other countries during the Great Recession and the euro crisis? Again use the Ameco database and check by how much the following variables
1.1. For this exercise, you need to locate GDP and debt data for euro-area countries. Use the EU Commission’s Annual Macroeconomic (Ameco)Online
1. 2. What have European policy makers done to solve the euro crisis? Which reforms of the euro-area structures have they initiated and implemented?
1.1. What was the main concern during the euro crisis? What were the main causes of the euro crisis?
1. 2. Do you think it is a good idea to have a proper euro-area government with its own budget? What about having common debt for the euro area?
1.1. To what extent would you agree that austerity was inevitable during the euro crisis?
1. 2. Do you think it was right that Mario Draghi promised to do “whatever it takes” to save the euro? Why or why not?
1.1. Which policies did European policy makers introduce in order to deal with the crisis? Which were successful? Which were not? Do you think the more successful policies would have worked in
1. 2. To what extent do you believe stricter fiscal rules (for example, with automatic sanctions for countries that violate the Stability and Growth Pact) would have prevented the euro crisis?
1.1. Which of the possible causes of the euro crisis do you think was the most relevant?
1. 2. Would you say the benefits of the euro were worth the costs of the crisis? Is this a relevant question to ask at this point in time?
1.1. In what respects would you say that European policy makers did a good job in fighting the euro crisis? Would you say they acted in a timely fashion?
1. 2. What were the initial benefits from the euro received by countries with historically high inflation? Did low-inflation countries also benefit?How?
1.1. Why did European countries decide to move toward a common currency? Do you think the arguments for a common currency in Europe are convincing?
1. 6. Match each concept in Column A with a definition or example in Column B.Column A Column Ba. Debt 1. The portion of the gross government debt that is owed to individuals or groups within the
1. 5. The chapter is very clear that it’s dangerous to assume that “government debt is never a concern.” Which of the following are reasons articulated in the chapter for why debt can be a
1. 4. The chapter identifies and explains several reasons government deficits in the euro area have repeatedly been above the threshold of 3 percent of GDP. Which of these explanations is consistent
1. 3. The chapter identifies and explains several reasons it is inappropriate to compare the government debt to the debt of a private citizen. Which of these explanations are consistent with the
1. 2. Use the AMECO database and construct a table of Eurozone members and their debt/GDP ratios and the deficit-to-GDP figures. Review the convergence criteria for participation in the euro zone
1.1. Go to the European Commission’s AMECO database(http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/db_indicators/ameco/index_en.htm and look for recent data on government debt as a percentage of GDP and
1. 11. What are arguments for strict rules limiting budget deficits? What are arguments against such rules?
1. 10. What were the original rules for government debt and deficits in the euro area at the time of the introduction of the euro? What were the problems with these rules?
1. 9. What does it mean to monetize the debt?
1. 8. To what extent do potential problems with government debt mean that governments should not borrow at all?
1. 7. To what extent is government debt a burden for future generations? To what extent is it not?
1. 6. Summarize some of the potential problems with government debt.
1. 5. What factors contributed to the increase in government debt in the 1970s? Which factors to the increase since 2000?
1. 4. How did the national debt picture change with World War II in the countries discussed in this chapter?
1. 3. What was the role of the national debt in Britain in the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries?
1. 2. What years during the twentieth century were debt/GDP levels the highest in Britain, France, Germany, the United States, and Italy? What years were the lowest?
1.1. What is the difference between the national debt and a deficit?
1. 2. After multiple reforms to the euro area’s debt and deficit rules, what are the current rules for government borrowing?
1.1. How did European countries try to make sure that only countries with sound public finances joined the euro area? What were problems with the initial approach?
1. 2. What options has a government when it finds itself faced with excessive public debt? Why might one say that there are no good options for dealing with excessive public debt?
1.1. What are possible problems with excessive public debt?
1. 2. To what extent is deflation a problem for public debt reduction?
1.1. In historical periods of falling debt-to-GDP-ratios, what has been the predominant mechanism behind the reduction of debt?
1. 2. Some people say that government debt never falls. To what extent is this statement historically correct?
1.1. What have been the main causes of the increase of debt-to-GDP-levels in the past?
1. 2. “The national debt is a huge burden on our economy.” How would you evaluate this statement?
1.1. What is the difference between the deficit and the national debt? How are they related?
1. 2. A loan that permits a borrower to offer his or her home (or their equity stake in it) as collateral in case of failure to repay the loanc. Credit default swapd. Subprime buyer 3. A security
1. 1. When a company grows so large that its failure would cause widespread economic harm in terms of lost jobs and diminished asset values b.Collateralized debt obligation
1. 5. Match each concept in Column A with a definition or example in Column B.Column A Column Ba. Mortgage backed security
1. 4. What is the meaning of moral hazard? Give some examples of moral hazard, as discussed in the text, or others that you can think of.
1. 3. The chapter identifies a series of contributing factors in its exploration of the underlying causes of the financial crisis. Identify the major factors and state which you think were most
1. 2. How does the Great Recession compare to recent economic downturns for the United States of America? To explore this question in further detail, begin at the National Bureau of Economic Research
1.1. For this exercise, you need to locate housing price index data for different countries. Go to the Web site of the Bank for International Settlements and locate
1. 13. What is the Tobin tax? What would be its effect on financial transactions?

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