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principles of risk management
Questions and Answers of
Principles Of Risk Management
What progress is being made in the transition to risk-based regulation?
What distinguishes probabilistic risk assessment from other risk assessment techniques?
This chapter focuses on earthquake-related threats to life safety. What are some other detrimental effects of earthquakes that are beyond the scope of this chapter?
What can you say to an owner of a dangerous building who insists that, because the building has survived 60 years of earthquakes, it must be a safe building?
Why is mandatory seismic retrofit of URM buildings unpopular in cities with many of them, even though those cities are the places with greatest potential for death and injury?
Suppose that the state has two options: (1) retrofit its buildings now or (2) wait 10 years for development of an improved technique that cuts the cost of retrofit in half. Which would you recommend?
The URM buildings in California were constructed prior to 1934. If a building will be demolished in a few years, does it make sense to retrofit it?
If the “typical” cost of retrofit for nonductile concrete-frame buildings is $25/ft2, how low would the cost have to fall before you consider retrofit a cost-effective measure for this class?
How does a geographic information system (GIS) improve seismic risk analysis?
Why will the preparedness of a community for a disaster tend to decline?
Why will the effectiveness of a disaster-management system for a community tend to decline?
What are the main impediments to sustainable disaster management in developing countries?
On whom should the community rely to mitigate the next disaster?
Where should the major resources be directed to sustain a disaster-management system?
Think about a natural hazard in your area. What is the most important cost-effective way of managing it in a sustainable manner?
For class discussion: Is it easier to manage disasters sustainably in developed countries than in developing countries?
For class discussion: Imagine you are the head of a village and one day you see a cousin of yours digging into the toe of a levee which protects the village from floods. He says he is only digging in
Under what circumstances does GATT accept the imposition of measures restricting trade in animals or animal products?
When considering the importation of animals or animal products, what is meant by risk assessment?
Why are risk assessments on imports of animals or animal products sometimes controversial and open to challenge?
Why are the effects of risk management measures usually able to be quantified more objectively then risk assessments?
When a regulator adopts a policy of excluding only those animals which fail a test, what is the effect of increasing the size of a group of animals intended for import?
Where a single animal reacting to a test disqualifies the entire shipment, what is the effect of increasing the size of the group intended for import?
What is the main weakness of deterministic risk assessment models?
While there is evidence that many pathogens are unlikely to be transmitted by the practice or embryo transfer, why is it that one cannot be totally confident that disease will not be introduced along
What are the advantages of quantitative vs. qualitative risk assessment?
Why do nonquantitative risk analysis methods still have a role in the regulation of imports, especially of animal products?
What are the elements of comparative risk?
How would you define health from different cultural perspectives (e.g., absence of clinical symptoms or holistically whole and well-balanced)?
How would you use a holistic definition of health to define “things at risk” from environmental contamination?
What are some risk management goals that might differ depending on the cultural perspective?
How might restricted access to traditional use areas cause harm to a culture?
Think of ways that would result in increased exposure to environmental contaminants for a person pursuing a traditional (subsistence) lifestyle.
Considering the various types of risk (human health, environmental, and sociocultural quality of life), how effective is breaking the human exposure pathway in reducing overall risk? How would your
Suppose a particular contaminant is at an environmental concentration that results in a 10–4 lifetime cancer risk to an individual, but the contaminant has a half-life of 1000 years. Describe how
How would you characterize the validity (or accuracy) of qualitative data gathered from traditional experts (i.e., elders)?
Describe the difference between allowable risk (risk allowed under regulations), acceptable risk (acceptable to whom?), and affordable risk.
How might chronic (multigenerational) exposure to low levels of mutagens affect a small gene pool?
What is Agenda 21?
Why is Western society (North) nonsustainable?
What is the modified Erlich equation? What are the most important factors in environmental impact?
What is the definition of South and North in the United Nations terminology? How does environmental impact differ in those two major earth regions? What factors are prevalent and where?
How can one deal with the problem of compartmentalization?
How does public transportation decrease environmental impact? What is the impact of personal cars?
What is the significance of urban planning on sustainable development?
What is the significance of pollution prevention in terms of efficiency?
How do our food choices impact (a) our health? (b) our environment?
What is the significance of population and growth on the caring capacity?
What is the general purpose of chemical risk analysis?
How does the U.S. EPA derive criteria for chemicals?
What standards are regulated by OSHA?
What is exposure assessment?
What is RfD?
What are uncertainty factors?
How does one calculate criteria?
RfD for chemical XYZ is 1 mg/kg/day. One-day health advisory (HA) for drinking water is 10 mg/l. Ten-day HA is 2 mg/l. It was found that neighboring groundwater and soil is contaminated by XYZ. The
The concentration of chemical Z in the Majestic River is given as 5 mg/l. Bioaccumulation factor for fish is
If the RfD for chemical Z is 2 mg/d, what would be your recommendation regarding the consumption of fish?
What are some of the primary guidance documents on risk assessment?
What are the principal types of epidemiologic studies?
What is meta-analysis? What is its utility in the analysis of human studies?
How are biomarkers classified?
What sorts of questions should the risk assessor ask when reviewing cancer epidemiology studies?
Explain the criteria for determining causality between exposure and effect in human cancer studies.
Consider a situation where a chemical or a technology has not been tested. Should this be described as one of zero risk? Or high risk? Is there a bound?
If a risk is a product of four factors, and there is a correlation between two of them, show that the risk must lie between a low value, assuming that all four are independent, and a high value,
Consider a risk that is numerically the product of two factors, which are independent of each other. If each factor can be represented by a lognormal distribution with logarithmic standard deviation
If 400 chemicals are tested for carcinogenicity at a specific site, and each chemical is declared a carcinogen if the increase in tumors is significant at the level p =0.05, how many will be found to
For a lognormal distribution of risk, find the differences between the mean, the median, and the mode and find the upper 95th percentile bound in terms of the standard deviation σ of the
How can the preparation of a risk analysis model benefit its participants?
Why is Monte Carlo modeling an improvement over single-point estimate models?
If a breed of pigs weight is normally distributed with mean of 100 kg and standard deviation of 10 kg,• What is the probability of any pig weighing between 80 and 110 kg?• What is the probability
What are the disadvantages of using bounded distributions in modeling expert opinion?
If BetaPERT distributions are used instead of triangle distributions, what would you expect to be the effect on the size of the risk contingency, as defined in Figure 9?
Name three examples in your area of work of variables that would need to be correlated.
If the result of a Monte Carlo model is the cost (£) of a project, what units do the following result statistics have — mean, mode, median, standard deviation, variance, skewness, kurtosis?
Why was probabilistic risk analysis developed, and what types of events are particularly well suited for it to analyze?
Why is it important for PRA to consider the interactions between multiple subsystems, rather than analyzing each system in isolation?
What is the primary advantage of providing quantitative measures of risk, rather than only qualitative assessments (e.g., safe or unsafe; high, medium, or low risk)?
Why is it important for PRA to provide information on risk contributors and not only an assessment of the total risk?
What are the three basic questions that must be answered in a PRA?
Why are PRAs structured in a hierarchical manner?
What are the relative strengths and weaknesses of fault trees and event trees?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the large event-tree vs. the large fault-tree approach?
Summarize the guidelines for event-tree construction and explain why they are helpful.
What types of data are needed for PRA quantification, and where can they be obtained?
Discuss some of the issues that must be addressed as part of the data collection and interpretation process.
Why has PRA been so effective in risk management?
Why must PRA be performed on a plant-specific rather than a generic basis in order to be optimally effective?
What is the definition of ecological risk assessment? How does risk assessment differ from risk management?
Compare and contrast the application of risk assessment to ecological issues and human health issues.
What are the most important reasons offered for using risk assessment to help solve ecological problems? What are the major objections to the use of risk assessment to help solve ecological problems?
Compare and contrast the role of values, ethics, and science in formulating the“problem” in ecological risk assessment.
What are the commonly used alternatives to ecological risk assessment? What are their advantages and disadvantages?
Should the process of risk management be linked to risk assessment? What are the major benefits and dangers with the alternatives?
How is adverse determined in ecological risk assessment? Who decides what is adverse?
What role should scientists play in risk assessment and in risk management?
What is the basic economic concept underlying the statement, “There’s no such thing as a free lunch”?
When dry cleaners install vapor recovery equipment, they dramatically reduce their contribution to air pollution, and they increase their profits. Vapor recovery equipment is not cheap, but it has a
The dry cleaner example in the previous question is not unusual: A “prod” from the marketplace (higher prices) or government (regulations) often spurs technological or managerial innovation that
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