1. What are the union’s legal obligations? The company and union are parties to a collective bargaining agreement that contains the following valid union security clause:

It shall be a condition of employment that all employees of the company covered by this agreement who are members of the union in good standing on the date of this agreement shall remain members in good standing, and those who are not members on the effective date of this agreement shall, on the ninety-first (91st)

day following the effective date of this agreement, become and remain members in good standing in the union.

For purposes of this Agreement, an employee shall lose his good standing in the Union only for failure to tender periodic dues and initiation fees uniformly required of all members. The Business Manager of the Union shall notify the Company by certified mail of any employees the union deems to have lost ‘‘good standing’’

within the meaning of this Article.

On July 6, an employee named Budnik sent a letter to the union informing the union officers that he was resigning his union membership and claiming financial core member status. Budnik requested the union to begin charging him the ‘‘new appropriate amount’’

of dues in compliance with Beck (1988). Budnik did not pay any dues money to the union after he mailed the July 6 letter.