Questions and Answers of Range Management Principles

Sheep use drops off markedly when slopes exceed what level?a. 60%b. 45%c. 35%d. 25%e. 10%
What distance between watering points is recommended for most rangelands based on available research?a. 5 milesb. 4 milesc. 3 milesd. 2 milese. 1 mile
Define the followings:1. Deferment2. Rest3. Rotation4. Best pasture system5. Short duration grazing
How can replacing cattle with sheep sometimes be effective in improving riparian zones?
Under what conditions are specialized grazing systems most useful?
Explain how the Merrill system works and identify where it is best suited?
Discuss some of the advantages and disadvantages of short-duration grazing?
Under what ecological conditions has continuous grazing worked best?
Which grazing system gives sacrifice areas the most opportunity torecover?a. Rest-rotationb. Best-pasturec. Continuousd. Deferred rotation
Which grazing system has worked best on mountainous coniferous forestrangelands?a. Merrill 3 Herd/4 Pastureb. Continuousc. Best pastured. High intensity/Low-frequencye. Deferred rotation
Seasonal suitability grazing works best under what conditions?a. California annual grasslandsb. Where forage resources on a ranch are diversec. On flat desert areas where little diversity exists in
Best pasture grazing is best suited to:a. California annual rangesb. South Texas rangesc. Desert ranges in southern New Mexicod. Shortgrass prairie forest rangese. Mountainous, coniferous ranges
Which grazing system has consistently give the highest livestockperformance?a. Rest-rotationb. Continuousc. Short-durationd. High-intensity/low-frequencye. Deferred-rotation
1. Stocking rate2. Grazing capacity3. Key species4. Key area5. Flexible stocking
Under what conditions would conservative stocking be an effective tool to increase forage production?
What degree of adjustment in grazing capacity should be made for areas 1-2 miles from water?
Why can the prairie ranges of the Great Plains sustain higher grazing intensities than the desert ranges of the western United States?
Why is maintaining residue so important in range management?
What are 4 four consequences of heavy grazing on range livestock production?
What has generally been the impact of heavy grazing compared to moderate grazing on net financial returns from range livestock production?a. There has been no differenceb. Returns have been higher
How much dry matter do ruminant animals consume per day as percentage of body weight on most rangelands?a. 5%b. 4%c. 3%d. 2%e. 1%
What degree of forage use is recommended for desert rangelands?a. 70%b. 55%c. 45%d. 35%e. 20%
Under proper or moderate grazing about what percentage of good and fair forage plants would show use?a. 80%b. 65%c. 50%d. 35%e. 20%
Which has been more important in terms of impact on rangeland vegetation and financial returns from livestock production?a. Stocking rate has been more important than grazing systemb. Grazing system
Define the followings:1. Range condition2. Range site3. Decreaser4. Utilization5. Range trend
How can exclosures be used in interpreting rangeland trend data?
What are some of the problems associated with the Dyksterhuis method of determining range condition?
What are the four types of grazing surveys?
What three vegetational attributes are commonly evaluated in rangeland inventory and monitoring?
What is the purpose of a range inventory?
Generally key sites should be located what distance from water?a. 3 milesb. 2 milesc. 0.75 - 1 miled. 0.25 - 0.50 milee. Less than 0.25 miles
Using the Dyksterhuis quantitative climax approach to range condition a score of 60 would correspond to what seral stage?a. Climaxb. Late seralc. Mid serald. Early seral
Stubble height measurements in grazing surveys primarily reflect which one?a. Grazing capacityb. Grazing intensityc. Ecological conditiond. Vegetation trend
What has been the major problem in determining grazing capacity on rangelands?a. Lack of good information on how much livestock eatb. Lack of knowledge on how much use range plants can withstandc.
Which vegetational attribute provides the best measure of forage available for grazing by livestock?a. Density of plantsb. Cover of plantsc. Plant biomassd. Frequency of plant occurrence
Define the followings:1. Secondary succession2. Retrogression3. Climax vegetation4. Ecology5. Allelopathy6. State-and-transition model
What are some of the factors that should be considered in interpreting the affects of livestock grazing on rangeland vegetation composition?
Discuss some of the impacts of fire on rangeland vegetation?
What are some of the mechanisms that explain the increase in woody plants in the southwestern United States?
What are some of the exceptions to the conventional Clements/ Dyksterhuis successional model when overgrazing problems are corrected?
What are some of the processes of primary succession?
Which factor has been considered to be most important in causing shifts from grassland to shrubland in the southwestern United States?a. Excessive fireb. Climatic changec. Increases in grasshoppersd.
What successional (seral) stage will best meet the nutritional needs of livestock and habitat needs of wildlife on most rangelands (particularly grasslands)?a. Early seralb. Mid seralc. Late serald.
Which range type will improve most rapidly when grazing pressure is reduced?a. Cold desertb. Chihuahuan desertc. Tall grassd. Piñyon-junipere. Mojave desert
Plant succession refers to:a. Chemical inhibition of a plant or group of plants by a specific plant speciesb. Different plant species make peak moisture and nutrient demands at different times during
Which of the following provide the best example of a primary producer?a. Cowb. Maggotc. Coyoted. Grass plante. Man
Define the followings:1. Photosynthesis2. Stolon3. Phytomer4. "r" selected species5. Nonstructural carbohydrates
Why must plants store carbohydrates?
During what period in their annual cycle are perennial grass plants most vulnerable to heavy defoliation?
Why can't all the material be removed from forage plants by grazing during dormancy?
Why do unpalatable plants replace palatable plants under heavy grazing?
Reduced vegetation cover from heavy grazinga. Increases water infiltration into soilb. Reduces overland flow of water over soilc. Increases loss of soil particlesd. Has no real effect on rangeland
Plants obtain carbon for the photosynthetic process from:a. Sunb. Airc. Soild. Animal wastee. Rain water
Which of the following is an effect of heavy grazing on grass plants?a. Decreased photosynthesisb. Increased carbohydrate reservesc. Increased root growthd. Increased seed productione. All are the
Which grazing factor has the most effect on how range plants will respond to grazing?a. Intensityb. Frequencyc. Timingd. Grazing of surrounding plants
Defoliation generally has the least severe effect on a grass plant in which period?a. During dormancyb. There is no most critical periodc. In the period from seed formation to dormancyd. In the
Define the followings:1. Savanna woodland2. Grass3. Forest climate4. Tundra5. Desert shrublands
Why is the southern mixed prairie so well suited to common use grazing?
Why does sagebrush usually return to sagebrush grass areas after brush control?
Why is the shortgrass prairie so well suited to livestock production?
Which of the 5 deserts in the United States is most suited for livestock production and why?
Discuss the climate and soils characteristics associated with grasslands.
This range type is well suited for cattle production and is considered to be one of the best places in the world to grow com.a. Palouse prairieb. California annual grasslandc. Northern mixed
This range type was the center of the "dust bowl" in the 1930s.a. Palouse prairieb. Southern pine forestc. Shortgrassd. Chihuahuan deserte. Mojave desert
Which ranch type has the least remaining original vegetation?a. Coniferous forestb. Chihuahuan desertc. Shortgrassd. California annual grasslande. Sagebrush grassland
Which range type has increased over the last 100 years?a. Pinyon-juniperb. Tall grass prairiec. Sonoran Desertd. Mountain browsee. Salt desert
Which desert is lowest in forage production for livestock?a. Chihuahuan Desertb. Sagebrush grasslandc. Sonoran Desertd. Mojave Desert
Define the followings:1. Drought2. Soil3. Aspect4. Soil structure5. Aridisol
What is the most critical part of any range management plan from a soil standpoint?
Discuss the precipitation and temperature characteristics of the "Great Basin" climatic type?
Give the 6 six factors that determine precipitation effectiveness in terms of forage production for a given area?
Discuss what "orographic effect" refers to.
Why is the western United States so much drier than the eastern United States?
Which soil texture type would most favor shrubs in arid areas of the world?a. claysb. loamsc. sandsd. There would be no difference
Grasslands of the world generally are characterized by which soil order?a. Mollisolb. Aridisolc. Spodosold. Oxisole. Histosol
Which climatic type has the driest winters and the wettest summers?a. Great Basinb. Pacificc. Southwesternd. Plains
Which nutrient is most limiting to forage growth in the western USA?a. Sulfurb. Potassiumc. Copperd. Nitrogene. Phosphorus
What is the most serious consequence of rangeland mismanagement (over grazing)?a. Loss of palatable forage plants.b. Soil erosionc. Low productivity of range livestockd. Decrease in desirable
Define the followings:1. L. A. Stoddart2. Homestead Act3. Enlarged Homestead Act4. Taylor Grazing Act5. National Environmental Policy Act6. E. J. Dyksterhuis
What are some of the consequences if livestock grazing was discontinued on federal lands in the western United States?
What is the "tragedy of the commons?"
When and where did the "dust bowl" occur in the United States? What was its cause?
Discuss the contributions of Frederick Clements to range science.
Discuss who, when, and how the first livestock were brought into the western United States.
Which government agency controls the most federal land in the United States?a. Forest Serviceb. Natural Resource Conservation Servicec. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serviced. Bureau of Land Managemente.
What has been the trend in the condition of publicly owned rangelands in the United States over the past 60 years?a. They have declined in conditionb. They have not changed in conditionc. They have
When did sheep numbers in the United States reach a peak?a. 1840sb. 1890sc. 1930sd. 1950se. 1970s
When did range science originate?a. Early 1600sb. Late 1700sc. Early 1900sd. Mid 1900se. During the 1980s
Which man is considered to be the father of range management?a. F. Clementsb. J. Smithc. A. Sampsond. E. Dyksterhuise. H. Heady
Define the followings:1. Rangeland2. Range management3. Multiple Use4. Desertification5. Grazing6. Peak oil
What are the 6 activities of range managers?
What are some recreational products from rangelands?
What are some important challenges confronting range managers in the twenty-first century?
What are the two primary professional journals that provide information on range management?
Give the name of the primary professional organization concerned with rangelands and range management.
Which natural resource is most likely to constrain human population and progress?a. Energyb. Woodc. Farmlandd. Rare metalse. Fertilizer
What is the primary land type in the world?a. Forest and woodlandb. Urbanized landc. Farmlandd. Rangeland
The doubling time of the world’s human population is most nearly?a. 20 yearsb. 35 yearsc. 560 yearsd. 75 yearse. 100 years
Where did the science and art of range management originate?a. Africab. Western United Statesc. Spaind. Russiae. Israel
Over the next 50 years, the amount of rangeland in the western United States will likelya. Increase by 20 to 30%b. Decrease by 10 to 20%c. Remain the same

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