13 The head of New York City’s teachers’ union has a theory that every time there is something that could be construed as bad news for the city’s Department of Education, the city leaks a salacious story about teacher misconduct to draw attention away from the real bad news.

• December 8, 2009: federal test scores were released showing that the city’s fourth- and eighth-graders made no notable improvement on federal math exams between 2007 and 2009.

• December 9, 2009: the Daily News reported on a high school in Brooklyn where unnamed sources told the paper that a janitor had caught two young female teachers undressed in a classroom, while students attended a talent show in the auditorium.

• December 10, 2009: the Daily News reported that a 31-year-old female social studies teacher was under investigation for having an inappropriate relationship with a male student.

Numerous such sequences have occurred.

a Which measure(s) of association would you use to test this theory?

b What would you need to know that is not presented in this scenario?