In the following examples, indicate whether you would perform a t test of independent means or dependent means.

a. Two groups were exposed to different levels of treatment for ankle sprains. Which treatment was most effective?

b. A researcher in nursing wanted to know if the recovery of patients was quicker when some received additional in-home care whereas others received the standard amount.

c. A group of adolescent boys was offered interpersonal skills counseling and then tested in September and May to see if there was any impact on family harmony.

d. One group of adult men was given instructions in reducing their high blood pressure whereas another was not given any instructions.

e. One group of men was provided access to an exercise program and tested two times over a 6-month period for heart health.