In the following examples, indicate whether you would perform a \(t\)-test of independent means or dependent means.

a. Two groups were exposed to different levels of treatment for ankle sprains. Which treatment was more effective?

b. A researcher in nursing wanted to know whether patients who received additional in-home care recovered more quickly than others who received the standard amount of in-home care.

c. A group of adolescent boys was offered interpersonal skills counseling and then tested in September and May to see if there was any impact on family harmony.

d. One group of adult men was given instructions for reducing their high blood pressure whereas another group was not given any instructions, and the blood pressure of men in both groups was measured before and after.

e. One group of men was provided access to an exercise program and tested two times over a 6 -month period for heart health.