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essentials of statistics

Questions and Answers of Essentials Of Statistics

16.36 Giving versus receiving, choosing the right statistical test, interpreting data, and data ethics: In what some people call the “hedonic treadmill, ” the pleasure we receive from something
16.35 Photoshop, body image, and choosing the right statistical test: The lingerie company Aerie stopped modifying the photos of its models in an ad campaign that it called Aerie Real. Psychology
16.34 Food, negotiations, and choosing the right statistical test: Whether it’s a diplomatic engagement or just a family holiday, eating together can go a long way toward getting people on the same
16.33 Airport security, floppy-eared dogs, perceived friendliness, and choosing the right statistical test: A recent news headline asked, “Do Floppy-Eared Dogs Look Friendlier?” It then responded
16.32 Cows with names and choosing the right statistical test: “Ermintrude, Daisy and La vache qui rit may produce as much as 454 pints more [milk] each year than cows with no names” (Gammell,
16.31 Ride-sharing data around the world and choosing the right statistical test: One of your authors lives in an urban area and sometimes relies on ride-sharing apps to get around. Her year-end
16.30 Ride-sharing data and choosing the right statistical test: One of your authors lives in an urban area and sometimes relies on ride-sharing apps to get around. Her year-end report from Uber
16.29 Cats versus dogs and choosing the right statistical test: The American Veterinary Association (AVA) published data on dog and cat ownership in the United States (Duff, 2017). For each example,
16.28 Swearing and choosing the right statistical test: British linguistics researcher Jack Grieve created maps of which swear words are most common across regions of the United States (Carey, 2015).
16.27 Researchers reported that they planned to collect data for a sample size of N = 128 to attain 80% power to detect a finding with a medium effect size, an alpha level of 0.05, and a two-tailed
16.26 For one of the main effects of a two-way ANOVA, researchers reported the following: F(1, 124) = 5.50, p = 0.02.a. Would the researchers report these statistics in the Methods section or the
16.25 Researchers conducted a study that compared two groups on a scale variable, and reported a confidence interval around the difference between means of [−0.26, 1.74].a. Would the researchers
16.24 Researchers studied mind wandering during video lectures using eye-tracking equipment. They reported that “We discarded data from three participants for technical failures that resulted in
16.23 Researchers conducted a chi-square test for goodness of fit comparing two groups and calculated a test statistic of 10.030. This corresponded to a p value of 0.002. They calculated an effect
16.22 Researchers compared three groups on a scale variable and calculated a test statistic of 2.39 with a sample of 559 people. The p value was 0.09. The mean for the first group was 94.52 with a
16.21 Researchers compared 630 women and 570 men on a scale variable and calculated a test statistic of 7.50 with a sample of 392 people. The p value was less than 0.001. The mean for women was 54.7
difference between the two means ranged from 115 to 154. The effect size was 1.69. How would you report these statistics in APA style?
16.20 Researchers conducted an independent-samples t test and calculated a test statistic of 13.48 with a sample of 392 people. The p value was less than 0.001. Means were 546 with a standard
16.19 Which Open Science Framework badges exist and what does each mean?
16.18 When researchers preregister a study or provide data or materials at the time they publish their research, they either provide a permanent online link or upload a time-stamped document that
16.17 In which section of a paper should researchers report information about their test statistic, p value, and effect size?
16.16 In which section of a paper should researchers report information about how they determined their sample size or their planned statistical analyses?
16.15 What is JARS, and why is it useful to researchers writing up the results of a study?
16.14 What is the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, and why is it useful to researchers writing up the results of a study?
16.13 Based on the decision tree presented in Figure 16-1, what are the possible appropriate statistical tests for when there is at least one ordinal variable? (You only have to list the tests for
16.12 How many and what types of variables are analyzed with a chi-square test for independence?
16.11 How many and what types of variables are analyzed with a chi-square test for goodness of fit?
16.10 How many and what types of variables are analyzed with a two-way between-groups ANOVA? What research design would be used?
16.9 What are the possibilities for the types of variables and research designs that would be analyzed with a factorial ANOVA?
16.8 How many and what types of variables are analyzed with a one-way between-groups ANOVA? What research design would be used?
16.7 How many and what types of variables are analyzed with a one-way within-groups ANOVA? What research design would be used?
16.6 How many and what types of variables are analyzed with an independent-samples t test? What research design would be used?
16.5 How many and what types of variables are analyzed with a paired-samples t test? What research design would be used?
16.4 How many and what types of variables are analyzed with a single-sample t test? What do we need to know about the levels of the independent variable? What do we need to know about the population?
16.3 How many and what types of variables are analyzed with a z test? What do we need to know about the levels of the independent variable? What do we need to know about the population?
16.1 How many and what types of variables are analyzed with a Pearson correlation coefficient? What is the research question that a Pearson correlation coefficient addresses? 16.2 How many and what
15.46 The prisoner’s dilemma, cross-cultural research, and hypothesis testing: In a classic prisoner’s dilemma game with money for prizes, players who cooperate with each other both earn good
15.45 Gender bias, poor growth, and hypothesis testing: Grimberg et al., (2005) wondered whether gender biases were evident in referrals of children for poor growth. They believed that boys were more
15.44 Utah was the first U.S. state to implement a particularly strict drunk-driving law. As reporter Christopher Ingraham (2017) wrote, “At a [blood alcohol content (BAC)] of 0.08, a driver’s
15.43 Reporter Aaron Carroll (2018) described a new study that warned of the risks of drinking, even a little. Carroll wrote, “The news warns that even one drink per day carries a risk. But how
15.42 Police lineups, SPSS, and adjusted standardized residual: In Check Your Learning 15-8, we introduced the example of the Chicago Police Department’s study of lineups. The printout from SPSS
15.41 Premarital doubts, divorce, and chi square: In an article titled “Do Cold Feet Warn of Trouble Ahead?, ” researchers studied 464 married heterosexual spouses to determine whether doubts
15.40 Gender, ESPN, and chi square: Many of the numbers we see in the news could be analyzed with chi square. The feminist blog Culturally Disoriented examined the photos in the 2012 “body issue”
15.39 The General Social Survey, an exciting life, and relative risk: In How It Works 15.2, we walked through a chi-square test for independence using two items from the General Social Survey
15.38 Romantic music, behavior, chi square, and effect size: Guéguen et al., (2010) investigated whether exposure to romantic music affects dating behavior. The participants, young, single,
15.37 Gender, op-ed writers, and hypothesis testing: Richards (2006) reported data from a study by The American Prospect on the genders of op-ed writers who addressed the topic of abortion in The New
15.36 Sex selection and hypothesis testing: Across all of India, there are only 933 girls for every 1000 boys (Lloyd, 2006), evidence of a bias that leads many parents to illegally select for boys or
15.35 Immigration, crime, and research design: “Do Immigrants Make Us Safer?” asked the title of a New York Times Magazine article (Press, 2006). The article reported findings from several
15.34 Researching selfies and types of variables: Here are three ways to assess data related to selfies: (1) numbers of selfies taken in a month, (2) whether you took any selfies this past month, and
15.33 Sexual orientation, activism, and types of variables: Researcher Eric Swank (2018) analyzed survey data to determine whether people who are gay or lesbian are more likely than those who are
15.32 Types of variables and student evaluations of professors: Weinberg et al., (2007) studied almost 50,000 students’ evaluations of their professors in nearly 400 economics courses at The Ohio
15.31 Parametric or nonparametric test? For each of the following research questions, state whether a parametric or nonparametric hypothesis test is more appropriate. Explain your answers.a. Are
15.30 Gender, the Oscars, and nonparametric tests: In 2010, Sandra Bullock won an Academy Award for best actress. Shortly thereafter, she discovered that her husband was cheating on her. Headlines
15.29 Gender, salary negotiation, and chi square: Researchers investigated whether language in job postings affected the likelihood that women and men would negotiate regarding salary (Leibbrandt &
15.28 A nonparametric test and gender differences in obeying bicycling laws: Students at Hunter College studied bicycle safety in New York City (Tuckel & Milczarski, 2014). They reported data on
15.27 The following table represents the observed frequencies for hypothetical data on housing status and having a car. The table also includes the adjusted standardized residuals for each of the
15.26 The following table (output from SPSS) represents the observed frequencies for the data presented in Exercise 15.24 and the adjusted standardized residuals for each of the cells. Using this
15.25 The following data are from a study of lung cancer patients in Turkey (Yilmaz et al., 2000). Use these data to calculate the relative likelihood of the patient being a smoker, given that a
15.24 Following are data for a chi-square test for independence. Observed Accidents No Accidents Rain 19 26 45 No rain 20 71 91 39 97 136a. Calculate the degrees of freedom for this test.b. Complete
15.23 Use this calculation table for the chi-square test for goodness of fit to complete this exercise.Category Observed (O) Expected (E) O − E (O − E) 2 (O − E) 2 E 1 750 625 2 650 625 3 600
15.22 Use this calculation table for the chi-square test for goodness of fit to complete this exercise. Category Observed (O) Expected (E) O − E (O − E) 2 (O − E) 2 E 1 48 60 2 46 30 3 6 10a.
15.21 For each of the following, identify the independent variable(s), the dependent variable(s), and the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, scale).a. The number of loads of laundry washed per
15.20 For each of the following, (i) identify the incorrect symbol, (ii) state what the correct symbol should be, and (iii) explain why the initial symbol was incorrect.a. For the chi-square test for
15.19 Which graph is most useful for displaying the results of a chi-square test for independence?
15.18 Why might relative likelihood be easier to understand as an effect size than Cramér’s V?
15.17 What is the difference between relative likelihood and relative risk?
15.16 To calculate relative likelihood, what must we first calculate?
15.15 What information does the measure of relative likelihood provide?
15.14 What is the formula Totalcolumn N (Totalrow) used for?
15.13 Define the symbols in the following formula: χ 2 = Σ [ (O − E) 2 E
15.12 What measure of effect size is used with chi square?
15.11 How are adjusted standardized residuals used as a post hoc test for chi-square tests?
15.10 How are adjusted standardized residuals calculated?
15.9 What information is presented in a contingency table in the chi-square test for independence?
15.8 Why is there just one critical value for a chi-square test, even when the hypothesis is a two-tailed test?
15.7 How are the degrees of freedom for the chi-square hypothesis tests different from those of most other hypothesis tests?
15.6 What are the hypotheses when conducting the chi-square test for goodness of fit?
15.5 List two ways in which statisticians use the word independence or independent with respect to concepts introduced earlier in this book. Then describe how independence is used by statisticians
15.4 What are the four assumptions for the chi-square tests?
15.3 What is the difference between the chi-square test for goodness of fit and the chi-square test for independence?
15.2 What are the three main situations in which we use a nonparametric test?
15.1 Distinguish among nominal, ordinal, and scale data.
14.50 Corporate political contributions, profits, and regression: Researchers studied whether corporate political contributions predicted profits (Cooper et al., 2007). From archival data, they
14.49 Age, hours studied, and regression: In How It Works 13.2, we calculated the correlation coefficient between students’ age and the number of hours they study per week. The mean for age is 21,
14.48 The age of a country, the level of concern for the environment, and multiple regression: Researchers analyzed the impact of the age of a country on the overall level of concern for the
14.47 Sugar, diabetes, and multiple regression: A New York Times reporter wrote: “A study published in the journal PLOS ONE links increased consumption of sugar with increased rates of diabetes by
14.46 Google, the flu, and third variables: The New York Times reported: “Several years ago, Google, aware of how many of us were sneezing and coughing, created a fancy equation on its Web site to
14.45 Cohabitation, divorce, and prediction: A study by the Institute for Fiscal Studies (Goodman & Greaves, 2010) found that parents’ marital status when a child was born predicted the likelihood
14.44 Anxiety, depression, and multiple regression: We conducted a second regression analysis on the data from the previous exercise. In addition to depression at year 1, we included a second
14.43 Anxiety, depression, and simple linear regression: We analyzed data from a larger data set that one of the authors used for previous research (Nolan et al., 2003). In the current analyses, we
14.42 Tutoring, mathematics performance, and problems with regression: A researcher conducted a study in which children with problems learning mathematics were offered the opportunity to purchase
14.41 Cola consumption, bone mineral density, and limitations of regression: Does one’s cola consumption predict one’s bone mineral density? Using regression analyses, nutrition researchers found
14.40 Precipitation, violence, and limitations of regression: Does the level of precipitation predict violence? Dubner and Levitt (2006b) reported on various studies that found links between rain and
14.39 Hours studied, grade, and regression: A regression analysis of data from some of our statistics classes yielded the following regression equation for the predictor variable (hours studied) and
14.37 Consideration of Future Consequences scale, z scores, and raw scores: A study of Consideration of Future Consequences (CFC) found a mean score of 3.51, with a standard deviation of 0.61, for
14.36 Age, hours studied, and prediction: In How It Works 13.2, we calculated the correlation coefficient between students’ age and number of hours they study per week. The correlation between
14.35 Predictive policing: The New York Times reported on predictive policing, a strategy based on formulas that “forecast” whether a particular person is likely to commit a crime (Elgion &
14.34 Birth weight, blood pressure, and regression: A metaanalysis found a negative correlation between birth weight and blood pressure later in life (Mu et al., 2012).a. Explain what is meant by a
14.33 Use this output from a multiple regression analysis to answer the following questions:a. Write the equation for the line of prediction.b. Use the equation for part (a) to make predictions for:
14.32 Use this output from a multiple regression analysis to answer the following questions:a. Write the equation for the line of prediction.b. Use the equation for part (a) to make predictions for:

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