15.40 Gender, ESPN, and chi square: Many of the numbers we see in the news could be analyzed with chi square. The feminist blog Culturally Disoriented examined the photos in the 2012 “body issue” of ESPN The Magazine—the publication’s annual spread of photographs of nude athletes. The blogger reported: “Female athlete after female athlete was photographed not as a talented, powerful sportswoman, but as … eye candy” (culturallydisoriented.wordpress.com/2012/07/12/the-bodieswe-want-female-athletes-in-espn-magazines-body-issue). The blogger reported that there were 19 photos of male athletes and 17 of female athletes. Of these, 15 of the men were in active poses and nine of the women were in active poses. Active poses were typically those in which they were engaged in their sport, whereas the passive photos looked more like a modeling shoot —“where they’re just looking hot for the camera, ” in the words of Culturally Disoriented.

a. Why is a chi-square statistical analysis a good choice for these data? Which kind of chi-square test should you use? Explain your answer.

b. Conduct the six steps of hypothesis testing for this example.

c. Calculate an effect size. Explain why there might be a fairly substantial effect size even though we were not able to reject the null hypothesis.

d. Report the statistics as you would in a journal article.

e. Construct a table that shows only the appropriate conditional proportions for this example—that is, the proportion of people in active poses given that they are men or women.

f. Construct a graph that displays these conditional proportions. g. Calculate the relative likelihood of being photographed in an active pose if you are a male athlete compared to if you are a female athlete.