15.20 For each of the following, (i) identify the incorrect symbol, (ii) state what the correct symbol should be, and (iii) explain why the initial symbol was incorrect.

a. For the chi-square test for goodness of fit: dfχ2 = N − 1

b. For the chi-square test for independence: dfχ2 = (krow − 1) + (kcolumn − 1)

c. χ 2 = ∑[ (M − E) 2 E ]

d. Cramér’s V = √ χ2 (N)(krow/column)

e. Expected frequency for each cell = kcolumn (N)(krow)