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essentials of statistics

Questions and Answers of Essentials Of Statistics

3.22 Do the data in the graph below show a linear relation, a nonlinear relation, or no relation? Explain
3.21 You are exploring the relation between news source (online news Web sites versus social media) and knowledge about current affairs, as measured by scores on a test about world news.a. In this
3.20 Alumni giving rates for a number of universities, calculated as the number of alumni who donated and the number who did not donate in a given year, represent which kind of variable— nominal,
3.19 Alumni giving rates, calculated as the total dollars donated per year from 2010 to 2020, represent which kind of variable- nominal, ordinal, or scale? What would be an appropriate graph to
3.18 What information does a violin plot depict?
3.17 Why is it important to show variability on a graph, rather than just presenting a bar graph?
3.16 Geographic information systems (GIS), such as those provided by computerized graphing technologies, are particularly powerful tools for answering what kinds of research questions?
3.15 Chartjunk comes in many forms. What specifically are moiré vibrations, grids, and ducks?
3.14 Under what circumstances would the x-axis and y-axis not start at 0?
3.13 Why is it important to identify the independent variable and the dependent variable before creating a visual display?
3.12 Why are bar graphs preferred over pictorial graphs and pie charts?
3.11 What are pictorial graphs and pie charts?
3.10 In what way are dot plots similar to histograms?
3.9 What are potential benefits of using a dot plot instead of a histogram?
3.8 Bar graphs and histograms look very similar. In your own words, what is the difference between the two?
3.7 What is the difference between a bar graph and a Pareto chart?
3.6 What is the difference between a line graph and a time plot?
3.5 How can we tell whether two variables are linearly or nonlinearly related?
3.4 What does it mean for two variables to be linearly related?
3.3 What does an individual dot on a scatterplot represent?
3.2 What are the steps to create a scatterplot?
3.1 What is a figure?
2.41 Frequencies, distributions, and graduate advising: In a study of mentoring in chemistry fields, a team of chemists and social scientists identified the most successful U.S. mentors— professors
2.40 Developing research ideas from frequency distributions: Below are frequency distributions for two sets of the friends data described in Exercise 2.38, one for the students and one for the
2.39 Frequencies, distributions, and obesity around the world: The World Happiness Report publishes a number of indicators related to physical and psychological well-being (Helliwell et al., 2018).
2.38 Frequencies, distributions, and numbers of friends: A college student is interested in how many friends the average person has. She decides to count the number of people who appear in
2.37 Skew and movie ratings: IMDb (Internet Movie Database) publishes average ratings of movies worldwide. Anyone can log on and rate a film. What’s the worst-rated film of the more than 235,000
2.36 Skew and surname frequencies: Researchers published a summary of the frequency of surnames based on U.S. Census data (Word et al., 2008). The table lists the frequencies of last names in the
2.35 Number of televisions and a grouped frequency distribution: The Canadian Radio-Television and Communications Commission (crtc.gc.ca/eng/publications) gathered data on the numbers of television
2.34 Type of frequency distribution and type of graph: For each of the types of data described below, first state how you would present individual data values or grouped data when creating a
2.33 Types of distributions: Consider these three variables: finishing times in a marathon, number of university dining hall meals eaten in a semester on a three-meal-a-day plan, and scores on a
2.32 Frequency tables, histograms, and basketball wins: Here are the number of wins for the 30 U.S. National Basketball Association (NBA) teams from a recent NBA season. 60 44 39 29 23 57 50 43 37 27
2.31 Frequency tables, histograms, and life expectancy rates: The United Nations Development Programme (2015) published life expectancy rates—the number of years an adult can expect to live—for
2.30 Frequency tables, histograms, and the Survey of Earned Doctorates: The Survey of Earned Doctorates provides data on the length of time in years that it takes to complete a doctorate. Each data
2.29 Frequency tables, histograms, and the National Survey of Student Engagement: The National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) surveys U.S. first-year university students and seniors about their
2.28 If you have an Instagram account, you are allowed to follow up to 7500 other accounts. At that point, Instagram cuts you off, and you have to “unfollow” people to add more. Imagine you
2.27 A researcher collects data on the ages of university students. As you have probably observed, the distribution of age clusters around 19 to 22 years, but there are extremes on both the low end
2.26 Would the data for number of murders by those convicted of the crime be an example of a floor effect or a ceiling effect?
2.25 If the average person convicted of murder killed only one person, serial killers would create what kind of skew?
2.24 Referring to the histogram in Figure 2-1, how many countries had one or two volcanoes?
2.23 Referring to the grouped frequency table in Table 2-6, how many countries had at least 30 volcanoes?
2.22 A grouped frequency table has the following intervals: 30– 44, 45–59, and 60–74. If converted into a histogram, what would the midpoints be?
2.21 If you have data that range from 2 to 68 and you want seven intervals in a grouped frequency table, what would the intervals be?
2.20 On a test of marital satisfaction, scores could range from 0 to 27.a. What is the full range of data, according to the calculation procedure described in this chapter?b. What would the interval
2.19 Report the following numbers to two decimal places: 0.0391, 198.2219, and 17.886.
2.18 Throughout this book, final answers are reported to two decimal places. Report the following numbers this way: 1888.999, 2.6454, and 0.0833.
2.17 Convert 2 out of 2000 into a percentage. Now convert 60 out of 62 into a percentage.
2.16 Counts are often converted to percentages. Convert 817 out of 22,140 into a percentage. Now convert 4009 out of 22,140 into a percentage. What type of variable (nominal, ordinal, or scale) are
2.15 Convert the following to percentages: 7 out of 39; 122 out of 300.
2.14 Convert the following to percentages: 63 out of 1264; 2 out of 88.
2.13 What is a ceiling effect and how does it affect a distribution?
2.12 What is a floor effect and how does it affect a distribution?
2.11 How do positively skewed distributions and negatively skewed distributions deviate from a normal distribution?
2.10 What is a normal distribution?
2.9 In your own words, define the word distribution, first as you would use it in everyday conversation and then as a statistician would use it.
2.8 What is the benefit of creating a visual distribution of data rather than simply looking at a list of the data?
2.7 Describe what a histogram looks like, including what goes on the x-axis and the y-axis.
2.6 What are the typical labels for the x-axis and the y-axis in a histogram?
2.5 What is the difference between a histogram and a bar graph?
2.4 Describe two ways that statisticians might use the word interval.
2.3 What is the difference between a frequency table and a grouped frequency table?
2.2 What are the steps to create a frequency table?
2.1 What are raw scores?
1.45 Assessing charitable organizations: Many people do research on charitable organizations before deciding where to donate their money. Tina Rosenberg (2012) reported that traditionally many people
1.44 Ability and wages: Arcidiacono, Bayer, and Hizmo (2008) analyzed data from a national longitudinal survey called NLSY79, which includes data from more than 12,000 men and women in the United
1.43 Experiments, HIV, and cholera: Several studies have documented that people who are HIV-positive are susceptible to cholera (likely because of having a weakened immune system). Researchers in
1.42 Romantic relationships: Goodman and Greaves (2010) reported findings from the Millennium Cohort Study, a large research project in the United Kingdom. They stated that “while it is true that
1.41 HARKing, a Texas sharpshooter, and preregistration: Australian psychologist Mark Rubin (2017) likened the unethical practice of HARKing to the tale of the Texas sharpshooter. Rubin explains that
1.40 Data ethics and “eat your peas”: The New York Times reporter Anahad O’Connor (2018) reported on a scandal in the field of psychology. A well-known researcher of food-related behaviors,
1.39 Experimental versus correlational research and recycling: A study in Argentina concluded that grocery store customers were more likely to bring their own bags when stores charged for plastic
1.38 Experimental versus correlational research and culture: A researcher interested in the cultural values of individualistic and collectivist societies collects data on the rate of relationship
1.37 Correlational research and vaping: As the use of ecigarettes, or vaping, becomes more popular, researchers are realizing the potential negative effects of this behavior. According to Scientific
1.36 Between-groups versus within-groups and exercise: Noting marked increases in weight across the population, researchers, nutritionists, and physicians have struggled to find ways to stem the tide
1.35 Operationalizing the earnings of comedians: In 2013, Forbes reported the 10 top-earning comedians, and all 10 were men—Daniel Tosh, Kevin Hart, and Larry the Cable Guy among them. A number of
1.34 Operationalizing variables and rap statistics: A few years back, the Web site Rap Genius (now just Genius) analyzes rap music using what it calls RapMetrics (rapgenius.com/posts/63-
1.33 Reliability, validity, and wine ratings: You may have been in a wine store and wondered just how useful those posted wine ratings are. (They are usually rated on a scale from 50 to 100, with 100
1.32 Reliability and validity: Go online and take the personality test found at outofservice.com/starwars. This test assesses your personality in terms of the characters from the original Star Wars
1.31 Discrete versus continuous variables: For each of the following examples, state whether the scale variable is discrete or continuous.a. The capacity, in terms of songs, of a smartphoneb. The
1.30 Types of variables and the Kentucky Derby: The Kentucky Derby is perhaps the premier event in U.S. horse racing. For each of the following examples from the derby, identify the type of
1.29 Types of variables and Olympic swimming: At the 2012 London Summer Olympics, American Michael Phelps won 4 gold medals, bringing his overall Olympic career total to 18 gold medals, the all-time
1.28 Sample versus population in Norway: The Nord-Trøndelag health study surveyed more than 60,000 people in a Norwegian county and reported that gastrointestinal symptoms, depression, and anxiety
1.27 Increase in depression globally: According to the World Health Organization (2018a), more than 300 million people suffer from depression globally.a. Do you think the research behind this
1.26 A study of the effects of skin tone (light, medium, and dark) on the severity of facial wrinkles in middle age might be of interest to dermatologists.a. What would the independent variable be in
1.25 Suppose a researcher is interested in evaluating how pet ownership and social activity affect loneliness.a. Identify the independent variables and the dependent variable.b. Imagine that pet
1.24 In the fall of 2008, the stock market plummeted several times, with grave consequences for the world economy. A researcher might assess the economic effect this situation had by seeing how much
1.23 As they leave a popular grocery store, 73 people are stopped and the number of fruit and vegetable items they purchased is counted.a. What is the size of the sample?b. Identify the population.c.
1.22 A researcher studies the average distance that 130 people living in urban areas in India walk each week.a. What is the size of the sample?b. Identify the population.c. Is this "average" a
1.21 Over the course of 1 week, a grocery store randomly selected 100 customers to complete a survey about their favorite products. Identify the sample and population for this example.
1.20 University bookstore employees asked 225 students to complete a customer satisfaction survey after these customers bought their books. The bookstore manager wanted to find ways to improve the
1.19 A researcher studies the number of hours 2500 Canadians work out every week. Identify the sample and the population for this example. 1.20 University bookstore employees asked 225 students to
1.17 What is preregistration and why is it important? 1.18 What is HARKing and how can preregistration help to eliminate this practice?
1.16 Describe the kinds of unethical practices that researchers might be concerned with.
1.15 What do researchers mean by data ethics?
1.14 The following statements are wrong but can be corrected by substituting one word or phrase. (See the instructions in Exercise 1.13.) Identify the incorrect word or phrase in each of the
1.13 In statistics, it is important to pay close attention to language. The following statements are wrong but can be corrected by substituting one word or phrase. For example, the sentence "Only
1.12 What is the difference between a between-groups research design and a within-groups research design?
1.11 What is the difference between experimental research and correlational research?
1.10 In your own words, define the word experiment-first, as you would use it in everyday conversation and then, as a researcher would use it.
1.9 To test a hypothesis, we need operational definitions of the independent and dependent variables. What is an operational definition?
1.8 What is the difference between reliability and validity, and how are the two concepts related?

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