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essentials of statistics

Questions and Answers of Essentials Of Statistics

22. Schmidt (1994) conducted a series of experiments examining the effects of humor on memory. In one study, participants were shown a list of sentences, of which half were humorous and half were
21. Fowler and Christakis (2008) report that personal happiness tends to be associated with having a social network including many other happy friends. To test this claim, a researcher obtains a
20. For the following set of scores:3, 7, 6, 5, 5, 9, 6, 4, 6, 8 10, 2, 7, 4, 9, 5, 6, 3, 8a. Construct a frequency distribution table.b. Sketch a polygon showing the distribution.c. Describe the
19. Place the following scores in a frequency distribution table. Based on the frequencies, what is the shape of the distribution?5, 6, 4, 7, 7, 6, 8, 2, 5, 6 3, 1, 7, 4, 6, 8, 2, 6, 5, 7
18. For the following set of scores:Scores: 2, 3, 2, 4, 5, 2, 4, 2, 1, 7 1, 3, 3, 2, 4, 3, 2, 1, 3, 2a. Construct a frequency distribution table.b. Sketch a polygon showing the distribution.c.
17. For the following set of scores Scores: 7, 8, 5, 7, 6, 8, 9, 7, 4, 8 6, 9, 7, 7, 8, 6, 7, 8, 7a. Place the scores in a frequency distribution table.b. Identify the shape of the distribution.
16. A report from the college dean indicates that for the previous semester, the grade distribution for the Department of Psychology included 135 As, 158 Bs, 140 Cs, 94 Ds, and 53 Fs. Determine what
15. Each year the college gives away T-shirts to new students during freshman orientation. The students are allowed to pick the shirt sizes that they want. To determine how many of each size shirt
14. A survey given to a sample of 200 college students contained questions about the following variables. For each variable, identify the kind of graph that should be used to display the distribution
13. Find each of the following values for the distribution of scores shown in the frequency distribution polygon.a. Nb. X
12. Sketch a histogram and a polygon showing the distribution of scores presented in the following table:X f 7 1 6 1 5 3 4 6 3 4 2 1
11. For the following set of quiz scores:3, 5, 4, 6, 2, 3, 4, 1, 4, 3 7, 7, 3, 4, 5, 8, 2, 4, 7, 10a. Construct a frequency distribution table to organize the scores.b. Draw a frequency distribution
10. Describe the difference in appearance between a bar graph and a histogram and describe the circumstances in which each type of graph is used.
9. What information can you obtain about the scores in a regular frequency distribution table that is not available from a grouped table?
8. Under what circumstances should you use a grouped frequency distribution instead of a regular frequency distribution?
7. For each of the following samples, determine the interval width that is most apporpriate for a grouped frequency distribution and identify the approximate number of intervals needed to cover the
6. The following scores are the ages for a random sample of n 30 drivers who were issued speeding tickets in New York during 2008. Determine the best interval width and place the scores in a grouped
5. For the following scores, the smallest value is X 8 and the largest value is X 29. Place the scores in a grouped frequency distribution tablea. using an interval width of 2 points.b. using an
4. Find each value requested for the distribution of scores in the following table.a. nb. X
3. Find each value requested for the distribution of scores in the following table.a. nb. Xc. X2 X f 5 2 4 2 3 4 2 0 1 1
2. Construct a frequency distribution table for the following set of scores. Include columns for proportion and percentage in your table.Scores: 5, 7, 8, 4, 7, 9, 6, 6, 5, 3 9, 6, 4, 7, 7, 8, 6, 7,
1. Place the following sample of n 20 scores in a frequency distribution table.6, 9, 9, 10, 8, 9, 4, 7, 10, 9 5, 8, 10, 6, 9, 6, 8, 8, 7, 9
23. For the following set of scores, find the value of each expression:a. X2b. (X)2c. (X 3)d. (X 3)
22. Use summation notation to express each of the following calculations:a. Add 1 point to each score, then add the resulting values.b. Add 1 point to each score and square the result, then add the
21. Two scores, X and Y, are recorded for each of n 4 subjects. For these scores, find the value of each expression.a. Xb. Yc. XY
20. For the following set of scores, find the value of each expression:a. Xb. X2c. (X 4)
19. For the following set of scores, find the value of each expression:a. Xb. X2c. (X 1)d. (X 1)2
18. For the following scores, find the value of each expression:a. Xb. X2c. (X)2d. (X 1)
17. Ford and Torok (2008) found that motivational signs were effective in increasing physical activity on a college campus. Signs such as “Step up to a healthier lifestyle” and “An average
16. Define or give an example of a hypothetical construct.Explain why operational definitions are needed to define and to measure constructs.
15. In an experiment examining the effects of humor on memory, Schmidt (1994) showed participants a list of sentences, half of which were humorous and half were nonhumorous. The participants
14. Four scales of measurement were introduced in this chapter: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.a. What additional information is obtained from measurements on an ordinal scale compared to
13. Explain the difference between a discrete variable and a continuous variable. Give an example of each.
12. Oxytocin is a naturally occurring brain chemical that is nicknamed the “love hormone” because it seems to play a role in the formation of social relationships such as mating pairs and
11. A research study comparing college alcohol use in the United States and Canada reports that more Canadian students drink but American students drink more(Kuo, Adlaf, Lee, Gliksman, Demers, and
10. A researcher would like to evaluate the claim that large doses of vitamin C can help prevent the common cold. One group of participants is given a large dose of the vitamin (500 mg per day), and
9. Two researchers are both interested in the relationship between caffeine consumption and activity level for elementary school children. Each obtains a sample of n = 20 children.a. The first
8. Downs and Abwender (2002) found neurological deficits in soccer players who are routinely hit on the head with soccer balls compared to swimmers, who are also athletes but who are not regularly
7. Strack, Martin, and Stepper (1988) found that people rated cartoons as funnier when holding a pen in their teeth (which forced them to smile) than when holding a pen in their lips (which forced
6. Describe the goal of an experimental research study and identify the two elements that are necessary for an experiment to achieve its goal.
5. Describe the data for a correlational research study.Explain how correlational research is different from other research evaluating the relationship between two variables.
4. A researcher plans to compare two treatment conditions by measuring one sample in treatment 1 and a second sample in treatment 2. The researcher will then compare the scores for the two
3. Statistical methods are classified into two major categories: descriptive and inferential. Describe the general purpose for the statistical methods in each category.
2. Define the terms parameter and statistic. Be sure that the concepts of population and sample are included in your definitions.
1. A researcher is interested in the effect of an electrolytic sports drink on the endurance of adolescent boys. A group of 30 boys is selected and half are given a treadmill endurance test while
45. Today’s marketplace offers a wide choice to buyers of sport utility vehicles (SUVs) and pickup trucks. An important factor to many buyers is the resale value of the vehicle. The following table
44. The U.S. Department of Energy’s Fuel Economy Guide provides fuel efficiency data for cars and trucks. A portion of the data for 35 standard pickup trucks produced by Chevrolet and General
43. Consumer Reports provided extensive testing and ratings for 24 treadmills. An overall score, based primarily on ease of use, ergonomics, exercise range, and quality, was developed for each
42. SmartMoney magazine evaluated 65 metropolitan areas to determine where home values are headed. An ideal city would get a score of 100 if all factors measured were as favorable as possible. Areas
41. The personnel director for Electronics Associates developed the following estimated regression equation relating an employee’s score on a job satisfaction test to years of service and wage
40. The admissions officer for Clearwater College developed the following estimated regression equation relating final college GPA to the student’s SAT mathematics score and highschool GPA.where A
39. A partial computer output from a regression analysis follows.a. Compute the appropriate t-ratios.b. Test for the significance of 1 and 2 at α .05.c. Compute the entries in the DF, SS, and MS
38. A 10-year study conducted by the American Heart Association provided data on how age, blood pressure, and smoking relate to the risk of strokes. Assume that the following data are from a portion
37. The National Football League rates prospects by position on a scale that ranges from 5 to 9. The ratings are interpreted as follows: 8–9 should start the first year; 7.0–7.9 should start;
36. This problem is an extension of the situation described in exercise 35.a. Develop the estimated regression equation to predict the repair time given the number of months since the last
35. Refer to the Johnson Filtration problem introduced in this section. Suppose that in addition to information on the number of months since the machine was serviced and whether a mechanical or an
34. Management proposed the following regression model to predict sales at a fast-food outlet.where The following estimated regression equation was developed after 20 outlets were surveyed.a. What is
33. Consider a regression study involving a dependent variable y, a quantitative independent variable x1, and a qualitative independent variable with three possible levels (level 1, level 2, and
32. Consider a regression study involving a dependent variable y, a quantitative independent variable x1, and a qualitative variable with two levels (level 1 and level 2).a. Write a multiple
31. The Buyer’s Guide section of the Web site for Car and Driver magazine provides reviews and road tests for cars, trucks, SUVs, and vans. The average ratings of overall quality, vehicle styling,
30. In exercise 9 an estimated regression equation was developed relating the top speed for a boat to the boat’s beam and horsepower rating.a. Develop a 95% confidence interval for the mean top
29. In exercise 5, the owner of Showtime Movie Theaters, Inc., used multiple regression analysis to predict gross revenue ( y) as a function of television advertising (x1) and newspaper advertising
28. Refer to the data in exercise 2. The estimated regression equation for those data isa. Develop a 95% confidence interval for the mean value of y when x1 45 and x2 15.b. Develop a 95%
27. In exercise 1, the following estimated regression equation based on 10 observations was presented.a. Develop a point estimate of the mean value of y when x1 180 and x2 310.b. Develop a point
26. In exercise 10 an estimated regression equation was developed relating the proportion of games won given the proportion of field goals made by the team, the proportion of three-point shots made
25. Barron’s conducts an annual review of online brokers, including both brokers that can be accessed via a Web browser, as well as direct-access brokers that connect customers directly with the
24. The Wall Street Journal conducted a study of basketball spending at top colleges. A portion of the data showing the revenue ($ millions), percentage of wins, and the coach’s salary ($ millions)
23. Refer to exercise 5.a. Use α .01 to test the hypotheses for the model y 0 1x1 2x2 , whereb. Use α .05 to test the significance of 1. Should x1 be dropped from the model?c. Use
22. In exercise 4, the following estimated regression equation relating sales to inventory investment and advertising expenditures was given.The data used to develop the model came from a survey of
21. The following estimated regression equation was developed for a model involving two independent variables.After x2 was dropped from the model, the least squares method was used to obtain an
20. Refer to the data presented in exercise 2. The estimated regression equation for these data is Here SST 15,182.9, SSR 14,052.2, .2471, and .9484.a. Test for a significant relationship
19. In exercise 1, the following estimated regression equation based on 10 observations was presented.Here SST 6724.125, SSR 6216.375, .0813, and .0567.a. Compute MSR and MSE.b. Compute F and
18. Refer to exercise 10, where data were reported on a variety of statistics for the 29 teams in the National Basketball Association for a portion of the 2004 season (http://www.nba.com, January 3,
17. In exercise 9, an estimated regression equation was developed relating the top speed for a boat to the boat’s beam and horsepower rating.a. Compute and interpret and R2 and .b. Does the
16. In exercise 6, data were given on the proportion of games won, the number of team home runs, and the earned run average for the team’s pitching staff for the 16 teams in the National League for
15. In exercise 5, the owner of Showtime Movie Theaters, Inc., used multiple regression analysis to predict gross revenue ( y) as a function of television advertising (x1) and newspaper advertising
14. In exercise 4, the following estimated regression equation relating sales to inventory investment and advertising expenditures was given.The data used to develop the model came from a survey of
13. In exercise 3, the following estimated regression equation based on 30 observations was presented.The values of SST and SSR are 1805 and 1760, respectively.a. Compute R2.b. Compute .c. Comment on
12. In exercise 2, 10 observations were provided for a dependent variable y and two independent variables x1 and x2; for these data SST 15,182.9, and SSR 14,052.2.a. Compute R2.b. Compute .c.
11. In exercise 1, the following estimated regression equation based on 10 observations was presented.The values of SST and SSR are 6724.125 and 6216.375, respectively.a. Find SSE.b. Compute R2.c.
10. The National Basketball Association (NBA) records a variety of statistics for each team.Four of these statistics are the proportion of games won (PCT), the proportion of field goals made by the
9. Waterskiing and wakeboarding are two popular water-sports. Finding a model that best suits your intended needs, whether it is waterskiing, wakeboading, or general boating, can be a difficult task.
8. The following table gives the annual return, the safety rating (0 riskiest, 10 safest), and the annual expense ratio for 20 foreign funds (Mutual Funds, March 2000).a. Determine the estimated
7. Designers of backpacks use exotic material such as supernylon Delrin, high-density polyethylene, aircraft aluminum, and thermomolded foam to make packs that fit comfortably and distribute weight
6. In baseball, a team’s success is often thought to be a function of the team’s hitting and pitching performance. One measure of hitting performance is the number of home runs the team hits, and
5. The owner of Showtime Movie Theaters, Inc., would like to estimate weekly gross revenue as a function of advertising expenditures. Historical data for a sample of eight weeks follow.a. Develop an
4. A shoe store developed the following estimated regression equation relating sales to inventory investment and advertising expenditures.wherea. Estimate sales resulting from a $15,000 investment in
3. In a regression analysis involving 30 observations, the following estimated regression equation was obtained.a. Interpret b1, b2, b3, and b4 in this estimated regression equation.b. Estimate y
2. Consider the following data for a dependent variable y and two independent variables, x1 and x2.
1. The estimated regression equation for a model involving two independent variables and 10 observations follows.a. Interpret b1 and b2 in this estimated regression equation.b. Estimate y when x1
60. The Australian Public Service Commission’s State of the Service Report 2002–2003 reported job satisfaction ratings for employees. One of the survey questions asked employees to choose the
59. The Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse at Syracuse University reported data showing the odds of an Internal Revenue Service audit. The following table shows the average adjusted gross
58. Bloomberg Personal Finance (July/August 2001) reported the market beta for Texas Instruments was 1.46. Market betas for individual stocks are determined by simple linear regression. For each
57. A marketing professor at Givens College is interested in the relationship between hours spent studying and total points earned in a course. Data collected on 10 students who took the course last
56. The regional transit authority for a major metropolitan area wants to determine whether there is any relationship between the age of a bus and the annual maintenance cost. A sample of 10 buses
55. A sociologist was hired by a large city hospital to investigate the relationship between the number of unauthorized days that employees are absent per year and the distance (miles)between home
54. In a manufacturing process the assembly line speed (feet per minute) was thought to affect the number of defective parts found during the inspection process. To test this theory, managers devised
53. Jensen Tire & Auto is in the process of deciding whether to purchase a maintenance contract for its new computer wheel alignment and balancing machine. Managers feel that maintenance expense
52. The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) and the Standard & Poor’s 500 (S&P) indexes are used as measures of overall movement in the stock market. The DJIA is based on the price movements of 30
51. Corporate share repurchase programs are often touted as a benefit for shareholders. But Robert Gabele, director of insider research for First Call/Thomson Financial, noted that many of these

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