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essentials of statistics

Questions and Answers of Essentials Of Statistics

12.35 Self-interest, ANOVA, and interactions: Ratner and Miller (2001) wondered whether people are uncomfortable when they act in a way that’s not obviously in their own self-interest. They
12.34 Racism, juries, and interactions: In a study of racism, Nail, Harton, and Decker (2003) had U.S. participants read a scenario in which a police officer assaulted a motorist. Half the
12.33 Anger, culture, and choosing the type of ANOVA: Researchers explored the effect of the expression of anger on physical health in two cultures—the United States and Japan (Kitayama et al.,
12.30 An app for tracking alcohol use, and ANOVA: Researchers investigated the use of an app for tracking alcohol consumption on the number of drinks a person consumed over a 3-week period.
12.29 Using the information in the source table provided here, compute R2 values for each effect. Using Cohen’s conventions, explain what these values mean.Source SS df MS F A (rows) 30.006 1
12.28 Using the information in the source table provided here, compute R 2 values for each effect. Using Cohen’s conventions, explain what these values mean.Source SS df MS F A (rows) 0.267 1 0.267
12.27 Using what you know about the expanded source table, fill in the missing values in the table shown here: Source SS df MS F Gender 248.25 1 Parenting style 84.34 3 Gender × style 33.60 Within
12.26 Use these data—incidents of reports of underage drinking at universities—to perform the following tasks: “Dry” campus, state school: 47, 52, 27, 50 “Dry” campus, private school: 25,
12.25 Use these “enjoyment” ratings to perform the following tasks:Ice Hockey Figure Skating Men 19, 17, 18, 17 6, 4, 8, 3 Women 13, 14, 18, 8 11, 7, 4, 14a. Calculate the cell and marginal
12.24 State how many cells there should be for each of these studies. Then, create an empty grid to represent those cells.a. Men’s and women’s enjoyment of two different sporting events, Sport 1
12.23 Identify the factors and their levels in the following research designs.a. Men’s and women’s enjoyment of two different sporting events, Sport 1 and Sport 2, are compared using a 20-point
12.22 For each of the following scenarios, what are two names for the ANOVA that would be conducted to analyze the data?a. A researcher examined the effect of gender and pet ownership (no pets, one
12.21 What is a two-way mixed-design MANOVA?
12.20 When might a researcher decide to use an ANCOVA rather than an ANOVA?
12.19 When might a researcher decide to use a MANOVA rather than an ANOVA?
12.18 How is a MANOVA different from an ANOVA?
12.17 How is an ANCOVA different from an ANOVA?
12.16 What is a two-way mixed-design ANOVA?
12.15 What effect-size measure is used with two-way ANOVA?
12.14 In your own words, define the word interaction, first as you would use it in everyday conversation and then as a statistician would use it.
12.13 Explain the following formula in your own words: SSinteraction = SStotal − (SSrows + SScolumns + SSwithin).
12.12 When are post hoc tests needed for a two-way between-groups ANOVA?
12.11 In Step 6 of hypothesis testing for a two-way between-groups ANOVA, we make a decision for each F statistic. What are the three possible outcomes with respect to the overall pattern of results?
12.10 Why is a bar graph a better choice than a line graph for depicting the means of a two-way ANOVA?
12.9 How do bar graphs help us identify and interpret interactions? Explain how adding lines to the bar graph can help.
12.8 What are the three ways to identify a statistically significant interaction?
12.7 What is a marginal mean?
12.6 What are the three different F statistics in a two-way ANOVA?
12.5 What is the difference in information provided when we say twoway ANOVA versus 2 × 3 ANOVA?
12.4 What is a four-way within-groups ANOVA?
12.3 In your own words, define the word cell, first as you would use it in everyday conversation and then as a statistician would use it.
12.2 What is a factor?
12.1 What is a two-way ANOVA?
11.49 ANOVA, award-winning television, and the theory of mind: Can watching high-quality television dramas improve our theory of mind—our ability to understand others? Psychologists Jessica Black
11.48 Orthodontics and one-way between-groups ANOVA: Iranian researchers studied factors affecting patients’ likelihood of wearing orthodontic appliances, noting that orthodontics is perhaps the
11.47 Trust in leadership and one-way between-groups ANOVA: In Chapter 10, we introduced a study by Steele and Pinto (2006) that examined whether people’s level of trust in their direct supervisor
11.46 ANOVA and taking notes: Researchers studied the type of note taking that would lead to the best performance on conceptual questions on a test (Mueller & Oppenheimer, 2014). Conceptual questions
11.45 Post hoc tests, bilingualism, and language skills: Researchers Raluca Barac and Ellen Bialystok (2012) conducted a study in which they compared the language skills of 104 six- year-old children
11.44 Post hoc tests and p values: The most recent version of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological Association, 2020) recommends reporting the
11.43 Instructors on Facebook and one-way ANOVA: Researchers investigated whether the amount of self-disclosure on Facebook affected student perceptions of the instructor, the class, and the
11.42 Consideration of Future Consequences and two kinds of hypothesis testing: Two samples of students, one composed of social science majors and one composed of students with other majors,
11.41 Grade-point average and comparing the t and F distributions: Based on your knowledge of the relation of the t and F distributions, complete the software output tables below. The table for the
11.40 Exercise and post hoc tests: Use the same data from the previous exercise in this exercise.a. Explain why it is necessary to conduct a post hoc test such as a Tukey HSD test when an ANOVA is
11.39 Exercise and education programs: Irwin and colleagues (2004) conducted research on adherence to an exercise regimen. Participants were asked to attend a monthly group education program to help
11.38 Type of ANOVA in study of remembering names: Do people remember names better under different circumstances? In a fictional study, a cognitive psychologist studied memory for names after a group
11.37 International students and type of ANOVA: Catherine Ruby (2006), a doctoral student at New York University, conducted an online survey to ascertain the reasons that international students chose
11.36 Links among distributions: The z, t, and F distributions are closely linked. In fact, it is possible to use an F distribution in all cases in which a t or a z could be used.a. If you calculated
11.35 The comparison distribution: For each of the following situations, state whether the distribution of interest is the z distribution, a t distribution, or an F distribution. Explain your
11.34 The comparison distribution: For each of the following situations, state whether the distribution of interest is the z distribution, a t distribution, or an F distribution. Explain your
11.33 Comedy versus news and hypothesis testing: Focusing on coverage of the U.S. presidential election, Julia R. Fox, a telecommunications professor at Indiana University, wondered whether The Daily
11.32 A researcher designs an experiment in which the single independent variable has five levels. If the researcher performed an ANOVA and rejected the null hypothesis, how many post hoc comparisons
11.31 A researcher designs an experiment in which the single independent variable has four levels. If the researcher performed an ANOVA and rejected the null hypothesis, how many post hoc comparisons
11.30 Each of the following is a calculated F statistic with its degrees of freedom. Using the F table, estimate the level of significance for each. You can do this by indicating whether its
11.29 Use the source table in Exercise 11.27 to answer the following questions.a. What is R2 for these data?b. What is ω 2 for these data?
11.28 Use the source table in Exercise 11.26 to answer the following questions.a. What is R 2 for these data?b. What is ω 2 for these data?
11.27 An incomplete one-way between-groups ANOVA source table is shown below. Compute the missing values.Source SS df MS F Between — 2 — — Within 89 11 — Total 132 —
11.26 An incomplete one-way between-groups ANOVA source table is shown below. Compute the missing values.Source SS df MS F Between 191.450 — 47.863 — Within 104.720 32 — Total — 36
11.25 Calculate the F statistic, writing the ratio accurately, for each of the following cases:a. Between-groups variance is 321.83 and within-groups variance is 177.24b. Between-groups variance is
11.24 Calculate the F statistic, writing the ratio accurately, for each of the following cases:a. Between-groups variance is 29.4 and within-groups variance is 19.1b. Within-groups variance is 0.27
11.23 For the following data, assuming a between-groups design, determine: 1990: 45, 211, 158, 74 2000: 92, 128, 382 2010: 273, 396, 178, 248, 374a. dfbetweenb. dfwithinc. dftotald. The critical
11.22 For the following data, assuming a between-groups design, determine: Group 1: 11, 17, 22, 15 Group 2: 21, 15, 16 Group 3: 7, 8, 3, 10, 6, 4 Group 4: 13, 6, 17, 27, 20a. dfbetweenb. dfwithinc.
11.21 Find the incorrectly used symbol or symbols in each of the following statements or formulas. For each statement or formula, (i) state which symbol(s) is/are used incorrectly, (ii) explain why
11.20 Find the incorrectly used symbol or symbols in each of the following statements or formulas. For each statement or formula, (i) state which symbol(s) is/are used incorrectly, (ii) explain why
11.19 Find the error in the statistics language in each of the following statements about z, t, or F distributions or their related tests. Explain why it is incorrect and provide the correct word.a.
11.18 Define the symbols in the following formula: N ′ = Ngroups Σ(1/N)
11.17 What does post hoc mean, and when are these tests needed with ANOVA?
11.16 Why are researchers increasingly calculating omega squared rather than R2?
11.15 What is omega squared?
11.14 What are Cohen’s conventions for interpreting effect size using R2?
11.13 What do we typically use to measure effect size for a z test or a t test? What do we use to measure effect size for an ANOVA?
11.12 How do we calculate the between-groups sum of squares?
11.11 What is the grand mean?
11.10 The total sum of squares for a one-way between-groups ANOVA is found by adding which two statistics together?
11.9 Explain the concept of sum of squares.
11.8 Define the word source as you would use it in everyday conversation. Provide at least two different meanings that might be used. Then define the word as a statistician would use it.
11.7 Why is the F statistic always positive?
11.6 The null hypothesis for ANOVA posits no difference among population means, as in other hypothesis tests, but the research hypothesis in this case is a bit different. Why?
11.5 What are the three assumptions for a between-groups ANOVA?
11.4 What is the difference between a within-groups (repeatedmeasures) ANOVA and a between-groups ANOVA?
11.3 The F statistic is a ratio of between-groups variance and within-groups variance. What are these two types of variance?
11.2 What do the F distributions allow us to do that the t distributions do not?
11.1 What is an ANOVA?
10.43 Independent-samples t test and the perils of informal email addresses: Is your email address something like hotstuff@fake-mail.com? You may not want to use it when you apply for a job or email
10.42 Graphic warnings, sugary beverages, and hypothesis testing: Researchers asked soda drinkers to view either the logo for their favorite soda or a graphic warning demonstrating the harmful
10.41 School lunches: Alice Waters, owner of the Berkeley, California, restaurant Chez Panisse, has long been an advocate for the use of simple, fresh, organic ingredients in home and restaurant
10.40 Gender and number words: Chang, Sandhofer, and Brown (2011) wondered whether mothers used number words more, on average, with their preschool sons than with their preschool daughters. Each
10.39 Gender, humor, and reporting statistical results in APA style: How would we report the results of the hypothesis test and the effect size calculation for the gender and humor data that you
10.38 Gender, humor, and effect size for an independentsamples t test: How can we calculate an effect size for the independent-samples t test we conducted in Exercise 10.36?
10.37 Gender, humor, and a confidence interval for an independent-samples t test: Calculate a 95% confidence interval for the independent-samples t test you conducted on the gender and humor data in
10.36 Gender, humor, and an independent-samples t test: Researchers at Stanford University examined brain activity in women and men during exposure to humorous cartoons (Azim et al., 2005). Using
10.35 Independent-sample t tests and note-taking—laptop or longhand: Researchers explored whether there were mean differences between students who were randomly assigned to take notes longhand and
10.34 Independent-sample t tests and “Blinded with Science”: Researchers studied the effects of learning about the effectiveness of a new medication (Tal & Wansink, 2016). Some participants heard
10.33 Cafeteria trays, food consumption, and an independentsamples t test: Kiho Kim and Stevia Morawski (2012) reported the following in the abstract (brief summary) of their published research
10.32 Independent-sample t tests and the “fun theory”: Volkswagen has created a series of videos based on its “fun theory, ” the idea that you can change behavior if you take an activity that
10.31 Independent-samples t test and walking speed: The New York City Department of City Planning (2006) studied pedestrian walking speeds. The report stated that pedestrians who were en route to
10.30 Null and research hypotheses: Using the research studies described in the previous exercise, create null hypotheses and research hypotheses appropriate for the chosen statistical test:a. Taylor
10.29 Choosing a hypothesis test: For each of the following three scenarios, state which hypothesis test you would use from among the four introduced so far: the z test, the single-sample t test, the
10.28 Choosing a hypothesis test: For each of the following three scenarios, state which hypothesis test you would use from among the four introduced so far: the z test, the single-sample t test, the
10.27 An independent-samples t test, award-winning television, and the theory of mind: Does watching awardwinning fiction on television help us to understand other people? Psychologists Jessica
10.26 An independent-samples t test and getting people to turn off the light: Do you turn off the light when you leave the room? South Korean researchers wondered how they could increase the number

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