12.22 For each of the following scenarios, what are two names for the ANOVA that would be conducted to analyze the data?

a. A researcher examined the effect of gender and pet ownership (no pets, one pet, more than one pet) on a measure of loneliness.

b. In a study on memory, participants completed a memory task once each week for 4 weeks—twice after sleeping 8 hours and twice after sleeping 4 hours. In each sleep condition, the participants completed the task after ingesting a caffeinated beverage and again, on another day, after ingesting a “placebo” beverage that they were told contained caffeine.

c. A study examined the impact of students’ Instagram profiles on numbers of Instagram friends. The researchers were interested in the effect of (1) the profile photo—either an identifiable photo of the student or a photo of someone or something else (e.g., a dog)—and (2) bio length—either short (fewer than 75 characters) or long (75 characters or more).