11.42 Consideration of Future Consequences and two kinds of hypothesis testing: Two samples of students, one composed of social science majors and one composed of students with other majors, completed the Consideration of Future Consequences scale (CFC). The tables on the next page include the output from software for an independent-samples t test and a one-way between-groups ANOVA on these data.

a. Demonstrate that the results of the independent-samples t test and the one-way between-groups ANOVA are the same. (Hint: Find the t statistic for the t test and the F statistic for the ANOVA.)

b. In statistical software output, “Sig.” refers to the actual alpha level of the statistic. We can compare the actual alpha level to a cutoff alpha level such as 0.05 to decide whether to reject the null hypothesis. What are the “Sig.” levels for the two tests here—the independent-samples t test and the one-way between-groups ANOVA? Are they the same or different? Explain why this is the case.

c. In the CFC ANOVA, the column titled “Mean Square” includes the estimates of variance. Show how the F statistic was calculated from two types of variance. (Hint: Look at the far-left column to determine which estimate of variance is which.)

d. Looking at the table titled “Group Statistics, ” how many participants were in each sample?

e. Looking at the table titled “Group Statistics, ” what is the mean CFC score for the social science majors?