An online undergraduate business school uses a learning management software system (LMS) that allows instructors to know how many hours students are connected to the course website. When studying for the midterm exam, students have a choice of using two study guides. One study guide comes with the textbook and is professionally prepared by the publisher. The second study guide is prepared by the professor. Suppose the department chairperson is interested in determining whether a student’s hours connected to the LMS (study time) is independent of the student’s choice of study guide. The following data show the numbers of students organized by study time and selected study guide:

Study Guide Chosen Connect Time Publisher’s Guide Professor’s Guide Under 6 Hours 104 109 6–12 hours 160 163 12–20 hours 142 146 Over 20 hours 133 156 Determine whether the hours connected to the LMS is independent of the study guide the student chooses to use for the exam. Test at the alpha = 0.025 level using the p-value approach.