Fifty chief executive officers of small to medium-sized companies were classified according to their gender and functional background as shown in the table below:

Functional Background Male Female Total Marketing 4 10 14 Finance 11 5 16 Operations 17 3 20 Total 32 18 50

a. If a chief executive is randomly selected from this group, what is the probability that the executive is a female?

b. What is the probability that a randomly selected executive from this group is a male whose functional background is marketing?

c. Assume that an executive is selected and you are told that the executive’s functional background was in operations. What is the probability that this executive is a female?

d. Assume that an executive is selected and you are told that the executive is a female. What is the probability the executive’s functional area is marketing?

e. Are gender and functional background independent for this set of executives?