Young adult skills. According to OECD’s Skills Outlook 2013 survey of adult skills, labor market skills are crucial to the development of international economies. The following table indicates whether mean literacy and numeracy proficiencies of 16- to 24-year-old individuals are above or below the OECD average for a sample of six countries.

16- to 24-Year Olds’ Skills Relative to OECD Average Country Literacy Proficiency Numeracy Proficiency Problem-
Solving Skills Australia above below below Finland above above above France below below below Germany below above above Japan above above above United States below below below

a) In this sample, what proportion of countries scored above average for numeracy?

b) In this sample, what proportion of countries scoring above average for literacy, also scored above average for numeracy?

c) Are literacy and numeracy proficiency scores independent?
Explain.