Cigar smoking and cancer. The Journal of the National Cancer Institute (Feb. 16, 2000) published the results of a study that investigated the association between cigar smoking and death from tobacco-related cancers. Data were obtained for a national sample of 137,243 American men.

The results are summarized in the table below. Each male in the study was classified according to his cigar-smoking status and whether or not he died from a tobacco-related cancer.

a. Find the probability that a randomly selected man never smoked cigars and died from cancer.

b. Find the probability that a randomly selected man was a former cigar smoker and died from cancer.

c. Find the probability that a randomly selected man was a current cigar smoker and died from cancer.

d. Given that a male was a current cigar smoker, find the probability that he died from cancer.

e. Given that a male never smoked cigars, find the probability that he died from cancer.

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Died from Cancer Cigars Yes No Totals Never Smoked 782 120,747 121,529 Former Smoker 91 7,757 7,848 Current Smoker 141 7,725 7,866 Totals 1,014 136,229 137,243