Based on 1987 murder rates in the United States, the Associated Press reported that the probability a newborn child has of eventually being a murder victim is 0.0263 for nonwhite males, 0.0049 for white males, 0.0072 for nonwhite females, and 0.0023 for white females.

a. Find the conditional odds ratios between race and whether a murder vic- tim, given gender. Interpret, and discuss whether these variables exhibit homogeneous association.

b. If half the newborns are of each gender, for each race, find the marginal odds ratio between race and whether a murder victim.