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computer science
concepts of programming languages

Questions and Answers of Concepts of Programming Languages

What was the primary application area of computers at the time Fortran was designed?
Lisp began as a pure functional language but gradually acquired more and more imperative features. Why?
In what year was the Fortran design project begun?
Make an educated guess as to the most common syntax error in Lisp programs.
What hardware capability that first appeared in the IBM 704 computer strongly affected the evolution of programming languages? Explain why.
Which of the three original goals of the ALGOL design committee, in your opinion, was most difficult to achieve at that time?
Why was the slowness of interpretation of programs acceptable in the early 1950s?
Compare the facilities of Fortran 0 with those of the Laning and Zierler system.
Speed coding was invented to overcome two significant shortcomings of the computer hardware of the early 1950s. What were they?
Write a short history of the A-0, A-1, and A-2 systems designed by Grace Hopper and her associates.
How were the pseudocodes of the early 1950s implemented?
To understand the value of counting loops, write a program that implements matrix multiplication using counting loop constructs. Then write the same program using only logical loops—for example,
Determine the capabilities of Backus’s 701 Speed coding system, and compare them with those of a contemporary programmable hand calculator.
What two common data structures were included in Plankalkül?
To understand the value of recursion in a programming language, write a program that implements quicksort, first using recursion and then without recursion.
Why is it useful for a programmer to have some background in language design, even though he or she may never actually design a programming language?
Do you believe our capacity for abstract thought is influenced by our language skills? Support your opinion.
How can knowledge of programming language characteristics benefit the whole computing community?
What are some features of specific programming languages you know whose rationales are a mystery to you?
What programming language has dominated scientific computing over the past 60 years?
What arguments can you make for the idea of a single language for all programming domains?
What programming language has dominated business applications over the past 60 years?
What arguments can you make against the idea of a single language for all programming domains?
What programming language has dominated artificial intelligence over the past 60 years?
Name and explain another criterion by which languages can be judged (in addition to those discussed in this chapter).
In what language is most of UNIX written?
What common programming language statement, in your opinion, is most detrimental to readability?
What is the disadvantage of having too many features in a language?
Java uses a right brace to mark the end of all compound statements. What are the arguments for and against this design?
How can user- defined operator overloading harm the readability of a program?
Many languages distinguish between uppercase and lowercase letters in user- defined names. What are the pros and cons of this design decision?
What is one example of a lack of orthogonality in the design of C?
Explain the different aspects of the cost of a programming language.
What language used orthogonality as a primary design criterion?
What are the arguments for writing efficient programs even though hardware is relatively inexpensive?
What primitive control statement is used to build more complicated control statements in languages that lack them?
Describe some design trade-offs between efficiency and safety in some language you know.
What does it mean for a program to be reliable?
In your opinion, what major features would a perfect programming language include?
Why is type checking the parameters of a subprogram important?
Was the first high-level programming language you learned implemented with a pure interpreter, a hybrid implementation system, or a compiler?
What is aliasing?
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of some programming environment you have used.
What is exception handling?
How do type declaration statements for simple variables affect the readability of a language, considering that some languages do not require them?
Why is readability important to writability?
Write an evaluation of some programming language you know, using the criteria described in this chapter.
How is the cost of compilers for a given language related to the design of that language?
Some programming languages for example, Pascal have used the semicolon to separate statements, while Java uses it to terminate statements. Which of these, in your opinion, is most natural and least
What have been the strongest influences on programming language design over the past 60 years?
Many contemporary languages allow two kinds of comments: one in which delimiters are used on both ends (multiple-line comments), and one in which a delimiter marks only the beginning of the comment
What is the name of the category of programming languages whose structure is dictated by the von Neumann computer architecture?
What two programming language deficiencies were discovered as a result of the research in software development in the 1970s?
What are the three fundamental features of an object- oriented programming language?
What language was the first to support the three fundamental features of object- oriented programming?
What is an example of two language design criteria that are in direct conflict with each other?
What are the three general methods of implementing a programming language?
Which produces faster program execution, a compiler or a pure interpreter?
What role does the symbol table play in a compiler?
What does a linker do?
Why is the von Neumann bottleneck important?
What are the advantages in implementing a language with a pure interpreter?
To understand the value of records in a programming language, write a small program in a C-based language that uses an array of structs that store student information, including name, age, GPA as a
In what year was Plankalkül designed? In what year was that design published?
What features of Plankalkül do you think would have had the greatest influence on Fortran 0 if the Fortran designers had been familiar with Plankalkül?

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