Questions and Answers of Systems Analysis And Design

Define the following terms:(a) Measure(b) Measurement(c) Metrics
What is software metric? Why do we need metrics in software? Discuss the areas of applications and problems during implementation of metrics.
Software testing metrics are used to measure:(a) Progress of testing(b) Reliability of software(c) Time spent during testing(d) All of the above
Choose a data structure metric:(a) Number of live variables(b) Variable span(c) Module weakness(d) All of the above
Choose an event where poisson process is not used:(a) Number of users using a website in a given time interval(b) Number of persons requesting for railway tickets in a given period of time(c) Number
Reliability is measured with respect to:(a) Effort(b) Time(c) Faults(d) Failures
Sensitivity is defined as:(a) Ratio of number of classes correctly predicted as fault prone to the total number of classes(b) Ratio of number of classes correctly predicted as fault prone to the
Precision is defined as:(a) Ratio of number of classes correctly predicted to the total number of classes(b) Ratio of number of classes wrongly predicted to the total number of classes(c) Ratio of
Which is not the object oriented metric given by Chidamber and Kemerer?(a) Coupling between objects(b) Lack of cohesion of methods(c) Response for a class(d) Number of branches in a tree
Higher is the cyclomatic complexity:(a) More is the testing effort(b) Less is the testing effort(c) Infinite is the testing effort(d) None of the above
Cyclomatic complexity of source code provides:(a) An upper limit for the number of test cases needed for the code coverage criterion(b) A lower limit for the number of test cases needed for the code
Which of the following is true?(a) Testability is inversely proportional to complexity(b) Testability is directly proportional to complexity(c) Testability is equal to complexity(d) None of the above
Testability is dependent on:(a) Characteristics of the representation(b) Characteristics of the implementation(c) Built in test capabilities(d) All of the above
Which is not a test product metric?(a) Time interval between failures(b) Time to failure(c) Estimated time for testing(d) Test case execution time
Which is not a test process metric?(a) Number of test cases designed(b) Number of test cases executed(c) Number of failures experienced in a time interval(d) Number of test cases failed
NHPP stands for(a) Non-Homogeneous Poisson Process(b) Non-Heterogeneous Poisson Process(c) Non-Homogeneous Programming Process(d) Non-Hetrogeneous Programming Process
What can be measured with respect to time during testing?(a) Time available for testing(b) Time to failure(c) Time interval between failures(d) All of the above
Which is not a coupling metric?(a) Coupling between objects(b) Data abstraction coupling(c) Message passing coupling(d) Number of children
Choose an inheritance metric:(a) Number of children(b) Response for a class(c) Number of methods per class(d) Message passing coupling
Which is not a size metric?(a) Number of attributes per class(b) Number of methods per class(c) Number of children(d) Weighted methods per class
Which is not a cohesion metric?(a) Lack of cohesion in methods(b) Tight class cohesion(c) Response for a class(d) Information flow based cohesion
Basic and logarithmic execution time models were developed by:(a) Victor Baisili(b) J.D. Musa(c) R. Binder(d) B. Littlewood
As the failure intensity decreases, reliability:(a) Increases(b) Decreases(c) Has no effect(d) None of the above
What is the minimum value of reliability?(a) 0(b) 1(c) 100(d) None of the above
What is the maximum value of reliability?(a) 0(b) 1(c) 100(d) None of the above
Failure occurrences can be represented as:(a) Time to failure(b) Time interval between failures(c) Failure experienced in a time interval(d) All of the above
One fault may lead to:(a) One failure(b) Two failures(c) Many failures(d) All of the above
Write short notes on:(a) Class hierarchy(b) Inheritance and Polymorphism(c) Encapsulation
Define a class ‘queue’. Identify pre and post conditions of various operations and generate the test cases.
What is class testing? What are various issues related to class testing?
Draw the state chart diagram of a ‘queue’. Identify the operations of a ‘queue’ and generate the state transition table. Write test cases from the state transition table.
What is a state chart diagram? Discuss the components of a state chart diagram.Explain with the help of an example.
What is path testing? How can we perform it in object oriented software? Explain the various steps of path testing.
Write a program for finding the roots of a quadratic equation. Draw the activity diagram and calculate the cyclomatic complexity. Generate the test cases on the basis of cyclomatic complexity.
How can we calculate cyclomatic complexity from an activity diagram? What does it signify? What is the relationship of cyclomatic complexity with number of test cases?
What is an activity diagram? What are the basic symbols used in the construction of such diagram? Explain with the help of an example.
What is state based testing? Draw the state machine model for a ‘traffic light controller’.What are the limitations of a basic state model? How are they overcome in a state chart?
Write the limitations of the basic state model. How are they overcome in state charts?
Explain the testing process for object oriented programs.
(a) Explain the issues in object oriented testing.(b) What are various levels of testing? Which testing level is easy to test and why?
(a) How is object oriented testing different from procedural testing?(b) Discuss the following terms:(i) Object(ii) Class(iii) Message(iv) Inheritance(v) Polymorphism
(a) What is object orientation? How is it close to real life situations? Explain basic concepts which help us to model a real life situation.(b) Describe the following terms:Messages, Methods,
Object orientation is centered around concepts like:(a) Objects and classes(b) Messages and inheritance(c) Polymorphism and encapsulation(d) All of the above
Classes should be tested by their:(a) Customers(b) Developers(c) Testers(d) Managers
What types of things become objects?(a) Real World entities(b) Humans(c) Humans and animals(d) Any living thing
Classes are tested by creating:(a) Other classes(b) Polymorphism(c) Class hierarchy(d) Instances
Which is not an object oriented testing technique?(a) State based testing(b) Class testing(c) Equivalence class testing(d) Path testing
What is state?(a) Last state(b) Intermediate state(c) Start state(d) Initial state
What is state?(a) Intermediate state(b) Null state(c) End state(d) Initial state
Guard condition in state chart diagram is:(a) Predicate expression with an event(b) Regular expression(c) Sequential expression(d) Last expression
In state chart diagrams, states are represented by:(a) Edges(b) Rounded rectangles(c) Circles(d) Arrows
In state chart diagrams, transitions are represented by:(a) Edges(b) States(c) Variables(d) Circles
Path testing may not be able to detect errors due to:(a) Omissions of some characteristics of the program(b) Implementation(c) Complexity of the code(d) None of the above
An activity diagram represents the flow of activities through the:(a) Classes(b) Methods(c) Objects(d) Programs
Which is not a symbol of an activity diagram?(a) Join(b) Fork(c) Operation(d) Transition
Which is not a defined testing level?(a) Method testing(b) Class testing(c) Interclass testing(d) Regression testing
A method is:(a) The sequence of steps to be performed to fulfil the assigned task(b) The set of operations for a particular task(c) Both (a) and (b)(d) None of the above
Encapsulation is known as:(a) Information sharing concept(b) Information retrieval concept(c) Information hiding concept(d) Information transfer concept
All classes inherit information from:(a) The lower classes(b) The same classes(c) The upper classes(d) The lower and upper classes
The objects of the same class have:(a) Different definition for operations and information(b) Same definition for operations and information(c) Different operations(d) Different formats
An object is:(a) An information of a class(b) An instance of a class(c) An attribute of a class(d) An operation of a class
A class has:(e) Attributes and operations(f) Attributes and states(g) Operations and Behaviour(h) State and information
Which is the most popular integration testing approach? Discuss with suitable examples.
Which is the most popular level of testing a software in practice and why?
Consider the problem of the URS given in chapter 5, and design a software test plan document.
Discuss the outline of a test plan document as per IEEE Std 829-1998.
What is the use of a software test plan document in testing? Is there any standard available?
What are the objectives of process management tools? Describe the process of selection of such a tool. List some commercially available process management tools.
Differentiate between the following:(a) Integration testing and system testing(b) System testing and acceptance testing(c) Unit testing and integration testing(d) Testing and debugging
Explain stress, load and performance testing.
What are non-functional requirements? How can we use software tools to test these requirements? Discuss some popular tools along with their areas of applications.
Write short notes on:(i) Coverage analysis tools(ii) Performance testing tools(iii) Functional / Regression testing tools
(a) Discuss the static and dynamic testing tools with the help of examples.(b) Discuss some of the areas where testing cannot be performed effectively without the help of a testing tool.
Explain the significance of debugging tools. List some commercially available debugging tools.
What are the popular debugging approaches? Which one is more popular and why?
Why is debugging so difficult? What are the various steps of a debugging process?
What is debugging? Discuss two debugging techniques. Write features of these techniques and compare the important features.
Compare the top down and bottom up integration testing approaches to test a program.
What are the various steps to minimize the coupling amongst various units? Discuss different types of coupling from the best coupling to the worst coupling.
What is scaffolding? Why do we use stubs and drivers during unit testing?
Is unit testing possible or even desirable in all circumstances? Justify your answer with examples.
What are the various levels of testing? Explain the objectives of every level. Who should do testing at every level and why?
Static testing tools perform the analysis of programs:(a) After their execution(b) Without their execution(c) During their execution(d) None of the above
The debugging process attempts to match:(a) Symptom with cause(b) Cause with inputs(c) Symptoms with outputs(d) Inputs with outputs
Non-functional requirements testing is performed at the level of:(a) System testing(b) Acceptance testing(c) Unit testing(d) (a) and (b) both
Which of the following terms is not used for a unit?(a) Component(b) Module(c) Function(d) Documentation
Finding reasons for a failure is known as:(a) Debugging(b) Testing(c) Verification(d) Validation
Which is not a popular debugging tool?(a) Run time debugger(b) Compiler(c) Memory dumps(d) Samba’s Jitterbug
Binary partitioning is related to:(a) Cause elimination(b) Brute force(c) Backtracking(d) Trial and Error method
Which is not a debugging approach?(a) Brute force(b) Backtracking(c) Cause elimination(d) Bug multiplication
Which is not covered in the debugging process?(a) Replication of the bug(b) Understanding of the bug(c) Selection of the bug tracking tool(d) Fix the bug and re-test the program
Which is the most popular integration testing approach?(a) Bottom up integration(b) Top down integration(c) Sandwich integration(d) None of the above
Choose the worst type of coupling(a) Stamp coupling(b) Content coupling(c) Common coupling(d) Control coupling
Choose the most desirable type of coupling:(a) Data coupling(b) Stamp coupling(c) Control coupling(d) Common coupling
Which one is not a step to minimize the coupling?(a) Pass only control information, not data(b) Avoid passing undesired data(c) Do not declare global variables(d) Minimize the scope of variables
Which type of testing is done by the customers?(a) Unit testing(b) Integration testing(c) System testing(d) Acceptance testing
Which is not the specified testing level?(a) Integration testing(b) Acceptance testing(c) Regression testing(d) System testing
Which is not a functional / regression testing tool?(a) Mercury Interactive Win Runner(b) IBM Rational’s Robot(c) Bugzilla(d) Segue Software’s Silk test
Which is not a coverage analysis tool?(a) Automated QA’s time(b) Parasoft’s Insure ++(c) Telelogic’s Logic Scope(d) Apache’s J Meter
Find a process management tool out of the following:(a) IBM Rational Test Manager(b) Mercury Interactive’s Test Director(c) Segue Software’s Silk Plan Pro (d) All of the above

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