For each of the following situations, determine the proper year for recognition of the income or deduction if the taxpayer is (1) a cash basis taxpayer and (2) an accrual basis taxpayer:

a. Helen fixes Mark's plumbing in November 2018. Mark receives the bill in December 2018 but does not pay Helen until January 2019.

b. The Outback Brewing Company purchases a new delivery van on October 30, 2018. The purchase is financed with a note that will be paid off over 3 years. Outback expects to use the van for 3 years, but the tax life of the van is 5 years.

c. Morbid Marble Mortuaries, Inc. sells a headstone to Lorissa for $6,000. The terms of the sale call for Lorissa to pay $3,000 in the year of sale and $1,000 in each of the succeeding 3 years.

d. Maury's Computer Consultants, Inc. performs work for Janis in 2018. Maury's bills Janis in 2018, but no payment is received. In 2019, Janis files for bankruptcy, and Maury's determines that it will be able to collect nothing on her account.