Here are several “facts” about typical corporate dividend policies. Which are true and which false?

a. Companies decide each year’s dividend by looking at their capital expenditure requirements and then distributing whatever cash is left over.

b. Managers and investors seem more concerned with dividend changes than with dividend levels.

c. Managers often increase dividends temporarily when earnings are unexpectedly high for a year or two.

d. Companies undertaking substantial share repurchases usually finance them with an offsetting reduction in cash dividends.

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