Here is a limerick:

There once was a man named Carruthers, Who kept cows with miraculous udders.

He said, “Isn’t this neat?

They give cream from one teat, And skim milk from each of the others!”

What is the analogy between Mr. Carruthers’s cows and firms’ financing decisions? What would MM’s proposition 1, suitably adapted, say about the value of Mr. Carruthers’s cows?

Explain.

AppendixLO1