Ming Company reported the following sales and quality costs for the past four years. Assume that all quality costs are variable and that all changes in the quality cost ratios are due to a quality improvement program.

Required:
1. Compute the quality costs for all four years. By how much did net income increase from Year 1 to Year 2 because of quality improvements? From Year 2 to Year 3? From Year 3 to Year 4?
2. The management of Ming Company believes it is possible to reduce quality costs to 2.5 percent of sales. Assuming sales will continue at the Year 4 level, calculate the additional profit potential facing Ming. Is the expectation of improving quality and reducing costs to 2.5 percent of sales realistic? Explain.
3. Assume that Ming produces one type of product, which is sold on a bid basis. In Years 1 and 2, the average bid was $400. In Year 1, total variable costs were $250 per unit. In Year 3, competition forced the bid to drop to $320. Compute the total contribution margin in Year 3 assuming the same percentage of quality costs as in Year 1. Now, compute the total contribution margin in Year 3 using the actual quality costs for Year 3. What is the increase in profitability resulting from the quality improvements made from Year 1 to Year 3?

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Year 1 234 4 Sales Revenues $40,000,000 44,000,000 44,000,000 48,000,000 Quality Costs as a Percent of Revenues 25% 22 18 14