Another approach to deskewing is to consider the bit stream as a sequence of nonoverlapping groups of n bits each and output the parity of each group. That is, if a group contains an odd number of ones, the output is 1; otherwise the output is 0.

a. Express this operation in terms of a basic Boolean function.

b. Assume, as in the preceding problem, that the probability of a 1 is 0.5 + ∂. If each group consists of 2 bits, what is the probability of an output of 1?

c. If each group consists of 4 bits, what is the probability of an output of 1?

d. Generalize the result to find the probability of an output of 1 for input groups of n bits.