Determine whether each of the following pairs of events is independent:

a. Rolling a pair of dice and observing a “1” on the first die and a “1” on the second die

b. Drawing a “spade” from a regular deck of playing cards and then drawing another “spade”

from the same deck without replacing the first card

c. Same as part b except the first card is returned to the deck before the second drawing

d. Owning a red automobile and having blonde hair

e. Owning a red automobile and having a flat tire today

f. Studying for an exam and passing the exam