[EX11-43] All new drugs must go through a drug study before being approved by the U.S.

Food and Drug Administration (FDA). A drug study typically includes clinical trials whereby participants are randomized to receive different dosages as well as a placebo but are unaware of which group they are in. To control as many factors as possible, it is best to assign participants randomly yet homogeneously across the treatments.

Consider the following arrangement for homogeneity with respect to gender and dosages.

Gender 10-mg Drug 20-mg Drug Placebo Female 54 56 60 Male 32 27 26 At the 0.01 level of significance, is the distribution of drug the same for both genders?

Considering the same study, homogeneity of ages would also be an important feature. At the 0.01 level of significance, is the distribution of drug that follows the same for all age groups?

Age 10-mg Drug 20-mg Drug Placebo 40–49 18 20 19 50–59 48 41 57 60–69 20 22 10