Notation and P-Value

a. Refer to Exercise 2 and distinguish between the value of p and the P-value.

b. It was stated that we can easily remember how to interpret P-values with this: “If the P is low, the null must go.” What does this mean?

c. Another memory trick commonly used is this: “If the P is high, the null will fly.” Given that a hypothesis test never results in a conclusion of proving or supporting a null hypothesis, how is this memory trick misleading?