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engineering
the science and engineering of materials

Questions and Answers of The Science And Engineering Of Materials

All problems in the final section of each chapter require the use of the Knovel website (http:// www.knovel.com/web/portal/browse). These three problems are designed to provide an introduction to
Define materials science and engineering (MSE).
What is the importance of the engineering tetrahedron for materials engineers?
Define the following terms:(a) Composition;(b) Structure;(c) Synthesis;(d) Processing; and(e) Microstructure.
Explain the difference between the terms materials science and materials engineering.
The myriad materials in the world primarily fall into four basic categories; what are they? What are materials called that have one or more different types of material fabricated into one component?
What are some of the materials and mechanical properties of metals and alloys?
What is a ceramic, and what are some of the properties that you expect from a ceramic?
Make comparisons between thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers (a) On the basis of mechanical characteristics upon heating, and(b) According to possible molecular structures.
Give three examples of composites that can be fabricated.
What properties should an engineer consider for a total knee replacement of a deteriorated knee joint with an artificial prosthesis when selecting the materials for this application?
Write one paragraph about why singlecrystal silicon is currently the material of choice for microelectronics applications.Write a second paragraph about potential alternatives to single-crystal
What is the purpose of the classification for functional materials?
Explain the difference between crystalline and amorphous materials. Give an example of each that you use in your daily life.
If you were given a material and were asked to determine whether it is crystalline or amorphous, how would you determine it?
List six materials performance problems that may lead to failure of components.
The relationship between structure and materials properties can be influenced by the service conditions (environmental conditions). Name two engineering disasters that have had tragic results and why
What is the difference between physical and mechanical properties? List three examples for each one.
The type of jet engine used on most large commercial aircraft is called a turbofan jet engine because it has a large wheel at the front of the engine that propels air rearward. Most of this air
You are an engineer working for a manufacturer of land-based gas turbines. These turbines are similar to jet engines, but they are used on land to provide power for electricity generation and gas
Investigate the origins and applications for a material that has been invented or discovered since you were born or investigate the development of a product or technology that has been invented since
What is meant by the term composition of a material?
K2-1 ● A 2 in.-thick steel disk with an 80 in. diameter has been plated with a 0.0009 in. layer of zinc.● What is the area of plating in cm2?● What is the weight of zinc required in kg? In
What is meant by the term structure of a material?
What are the different levels of structure of a material?
Why is it important to consider the structure of a material when designing and fabricating engineering components?
What is the difference between the microstructure and the macrostructure of a material?
In order to plate a steel part having a surface area of 200 in.2 with a 0.002-in.-thick layer of nickel: (a) How many atoms of nickel are required? (b) How many moles of nickel are required?
Define electronegativity.
Write the electronic configuration of the following elements: (a) Tungsten, (b) Cobalt, (c) Zirconium, (d) Uranium, and (e) Aluminum.
Using the Aufbau Principle, what is the expected electronic configuration of the hypothetical element with atomic number Z = 123?
The periodic table of elements can help us better rationalize trends in properties of elements and compounds based on elements from different groups. Search the literature and obtain the coefficients
Plot the melting temperatures of elements in the 4A to 8–10 columns of the periodic table versus atomic number (i.e., plot melting temperatures of Ti through Ni, Zr through Pd, and Hf through Pt).
Differentiate the three principle bonding mechanisms in solids. What is van der Waal’s bonding? What are the relative binding energies of the different mechanisms?
What type of bonding does KCl have? Fully explain your reasoning by referring to the electronic structure and electronic properties of each element.
Calculate the fraction of bonding of MgO that is ionic.
Calculate the fraction of bonding that is covalent for silica (SiO2).
Calculate the fraction of bonding that is ionic in nature for zirconia (ZrO2).
What is the type of bonding in diamond? Are the properties of diamond commensurate with the nature of the bonding?
What are the bonding mechanisms in thermoplastics?
Why are covalently bonded materials generally less dense than those that are bonded ionically or metallically?
Materials such as silicon carbide (SiC) and silicon nitride (Si3N4) are used for grinding and polishing applications. Rationalize the choice of these materials for this use.
Explain the role of van der Waals forces in determining the properties of PVC plastic.
Calculate the fractions of ionic bonds in silicon carbide (SiC) and in silicon nitride (Si3N4).
One particular form of boron nitride (BN) known as cubic boron nitride is a very hard material and is used in grinding applications. Calculate the fraction of the bonding that is covalent in this
Is there a trend in the number of electrons in the outermost energy shell of atoms or ions that have formed bonds?
In order to increase the operating temperature of an engine, it is suggested that some of the aluminum components be coated with a ceramic. What kinds of problems could this pose? How could you
Aluminum and silicon are side by side on the periodic table. Compare the melting temperatures of the two elements and explain the difference in terms of atomic bonding.
Would you expect iron or silicon nitride (SiN) to have a higher modulus of elasticity? Why?
Aluminum and silicon are side-by-side in the periodic table. Which would you expect to have the higher modulus of elasticity? Explain.
Why is the modulus of elasticity considered a relatively structure-insensitive property?
Name at least four allotropes of carbon. Why is graphite electrically conductive while diamond is not if both are pure forms of carbon?
Bond hybridization in carbon leads to numerous crystalline forms. With only six electrons, how is this possible? Explain.
Describe the technological significance of each of the allotropes of carbon discussed in this section. What is the enabling materials property of each allotrope?
Turbine blades used in jet engines can be made from such materials as nickel-based superalloys. We can, in principle, even use ceramic materials such as zirconia or other alloys based on steels. In
Determine the crystal lattice parameters and mass densities for GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, InN, InP, InAs, and InSb semiconductors. Compare the data for lattice parameters from at least two different
What is a crystalline material?
What is a single crystal?
State any two applications in which single crystals are used.
What is a polycrystalline material?
What is a liquid crystal material?
What is an amorphous material?
Why do some materials assume an amorphous structure?
Explain how it is possible for a substance to exhibit short-range, but not long-range order.
Magnesium has the hexagonal close– packed crystal structure. The lattice parameters for magnesium are a = 0.32087 nm and c = 0.5209 nm, and the atomic radius is 0.1604 nm(a) What is the number of
What are the different polymorphs of zirconia?
How is the influence of crystallographic direction on magnetic properties used in magnetic materials for recording media applications?
Determine the Miller indices of the directions for the following points: (a) From (1, 0, 2) to (2, 4, 1); (b) From (2, 1, 3) to (5, 4, 2); and (c) From (3, 1, 3) to (9, 1, 5).
Determine the indices for the directions in the hexagonal lattice shown in Figure 3-41, using both the three-digit and four-digit systems. aj a3 А B C аг
Determine the indices for the directions in the hexagonal lattice shown in Figure 3-42, using both the three-digit and four-digit systems. 01 VB 022
Calculate and compare the linear densities for the 〈100〉, 〈110〉, and 〈111〉 directions in a BCC unit cell. Which direction is the most close-packed (dense)?
Calculate and compare the linear densities for the 〈100〉, 〈110〉, and 〈111〉 directions in an FCC unit cell. Which direction is the most close-packed (dense)?
Determine the repeat distance, linear density, and packing fraction for FCC nickel, which has a lattice parameter of 0.35167 nm, in the [100], [110], and [111] directions. Which of these directions
Determine the repeat distance, linear density, and packing fraction for HCP magnesium in the [2110] direction and the [1120] direction. The lattice parameters for HCP magnesium are given in Appendix
Determine the planar density and packing fraction for FCC nickel in the (100), (110), and (111) planes. Which, if any, of these planes are close packed?
In an FCC unit cell, how many d111 are present between the (0, 0, 0) point and the (1, 1, 1) point?
What are the stacking sequences in the FCC and HCP structures?
Explain why there is no face-centered tetragonal Bravais lattice.
Approximately how many grains are shown in Figure 3-2(b)? 100 um (a) (b) Figure 3-2 (a) Photograph of a silicon single crystal. (Petr SobolevliStock/Thinkstock) (b) Micrograph of a polycrystalline
Can an alloy exist in both crystalline and amorphous forms?
Define the terms lattice, unit cell, basis, and crystal structure.
List the seven different crystal systems and the types of Bravais lattices that are associated with their groups.
Calculate the lattice parameter of each of the following elements using their atomic radii: (a) Iron, (b) Aluminum, (c) Copper, and (d) Magnesium.
Determine the crystal structure for the following:(a) A metal with a0 = 4.9489 Å, r = 1.75 Å, and one atom per lattice point; and(b) A metal with a0 = 0.42906 nm, r = 0.1858 nm, and one atom
Bismuth has a hexagonal structure, with a0 = 0.4546 nm and c0 = 1.186 nm. The density is 9.808 g/cm3, and the atomic weight is 208.98 g/mol. Determine(a) The volume of the unit cell; and(b) The
Sodium has the body–centered cubic crystal structure and a lattice parameter (axial length) of 4.2906 x 10-8 cm.(a) Calculate the mass density (g/cm3) for sodium.(b) Calculate the atomic
Calculate the density for zinc (HCP) if the c/a ratio is 1.856 and r = 0.332Å.
Thoria or thorium dioxide can be described as an FCC lattice with a basis of Th (0, 0, 0) and O (1/4, 1/4, 1/4) and O (1/4, 1/4, 3/4). Thorium and thorium dioxide are radioactive materials. Thorium
Zinc has the hexagonal close–packed crystal structure. The lattice parameters for zinc are a = 0.26648 nm and c = 0.49470 nm, and the atomic radius is 0.1332 nm. Note that zinc does not have the
Nanowires are high aspect-ratio metal or semiconducting wires with diameters on the order of 1 to 100 nanometers and typical lengths of 1 to 100 microns. Nanowires likely will be used in the future
What is the difference between an allotrope and a polymorph?
A number of metals undergo an allotropic transformation from one crystal structure to another at a specific temperature. There is generally a volume change that accompanies the transformation. What
Above 882°C, titanium has a BCC crystal structure with a = 0.332 nm. Below this temperature, titanium has an HCP structure with a = 0.29503 nm and c = 0.46831 nm. Determine the percent volume change
Calculate the theoretical density of the three polymorphs of zirconia. The lattice constants for the monoclinic form are a = 5.156, b = 5.191, and c = 5.304 Å, respectively. The angle b for the
Determine the indices for the planes in the cubic unit cell shown in Figure 3-39. C B N 113 A 72 y
Determine the indices for the planes in the cubic unit cell shown in Figure 3-40. X 3412 A 12 -B C 32
From the information in this chapter, calculate the volume change that will occur when the cubic form of zirconia transforms into a tetragonal form.
Monoclinic zirconia cannot be used effectively for manufacturing oxygen sensors or other devices. Explain.
What is meant by the term stabilized zirconia?
State any two applications of stabilized zirconia ceramics.

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