Researchers Busseri, Choma, and Sadava (2009) asked a sample of individuals who scored as pessimists on a measure of life orientation about past, present, and projected future satisfaction with their lives. Higher scores on the life-satisfaction measure indicate higher satisfaction. The data below reproduce the pattern of means that the researchers observed in self-reported life satisfaction of the sample of pessimists for the three time points. Do pessimists predict a gloomy future for themselves?

a. Perform steps 5 and 6 of hypothesis testing. Be sure to complete the source table when calculating the F ratio for step 5.

b. If appropriate, calculate the Tukey HSD for all possible mean comparisons. Find the critical value of q and make a decision regarding the null hypothesis for each of the mean comparisons.

c. Calculate the R² measure of effect size for this ANOVA.

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Person 2 3 16 Past 18 17.5 19 20 Present 18.5 19.5 20 17 18 Future 22 24 20 23.5 21