3 Reflect on the work of Kanter and Handy in the late twentieth century – Section 16.3 in the text.

What view, if any, has best profiled the nature of the modern organization?

was on directional themes. He arguably allowed operational weaknesses to threaten the future of Apple.
Yet new CEOs, without his visionary capability but proven operational strengths, were not the answer. Would the history and later evidence have supported Cook’s promotion to CEO? How has Apple been able to retain its visionary edge? Head designer Jonathan Ive (credited with designing the iPod, iPad and iPhone among other innovatory products) chose to leave Apple in 2019 to set up as an independent designer: how serious a loss for Apple might this prove to be?