DuPont, the giant chemical company, booked restructuring charges (expenses) on its income  statement in 2019, 2018, and 2017. The 2019 charge was $138 million, which included a $34 million asset write-down and $104 million to cover employee severance costs, of which $18 million was paid during 2019.

a. Explain how the conservatism and contingency principles provide guidance regarding how to account for these events.
b. Compute the dollar amount added by DuPont to its related balance sheet liability account associated with these events.
c. Explain the difference between the recognized expense and the actual cash outflow.