On April 1, 2020, Janine Corporation sold some of its five year, $1000 face value, 12% term bonds dated March 1, 2020, at an effective annual interest rate (yield) of 10%. Interest is payable semiannually, and the first interest payment date is September 1, 2020. Janine uses the interest method of amortization. Bond issue costs were incurred in preparing and selling the bond issue. On November 1, 2020, Janine sold directly to underwriters, at lump-sum price, $1000 face value, 9% serial bonds dated November 1, 2020, at an effective interest rate (yield) of 11%. Of these serial bonds, a total of 25% is due on November 1, 2021; a total of 30% is due on November 1, 2022; and the rest is due on November 1, 2023. Interest is payable semiannually, and the first interest payment date is May 1, 2021. Janine uses the interest method of amortization. Bond issue costs were incurred in preparing and selling the bond issue.

Required:
a. How would the market price of the term bonds and the serial bonds be determined?
i. How would all items related to the term bonds, except for bond issue costs, be presented in a balance sheet prepared immediately after the term bond issue was sold?
ii. How would all items related to the serial bonds, except for bond issue costs, be presented in a balance sheet prepared immediately after the serial bond issue was sold?
b. What alternative methods could be used to account for the bond issue costs for the term bonds in 2020? Which method(s) is (are) considered current US GAAP? Which method(s), if any, would affect the calculation of interest expense? Why? (For this question, do not assume that Janine opts to use the fair value method to account for the bonds.)
c. How would the amount of interest expense for the term bonds and the serial bonds be determined for 2020?