Analyzing and Interpreting Income Tax Disclosures Apple Inc. reports the following footnote disclosure to its 2016 10-K report ($ millions).

The provision for income taxes consisted of the following:

Fiscal Year Ended September 24, 2016 Federal Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 7,652 Deferred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,043 12,695 State Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 990 Deferred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (138)

852 Foreign Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,105 Deferred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2,138 Total $15,685

a. What amount of income tax expense does Apple report in its income statement for 2016?

b. How much of Apple’s income tax expense is current (as opposed to deferred)?

c. Why do deferred tax assets and liabilities arise? How do they impact the tax expense that Apple reports in its 2016 income statement?