If the proportion of deaths from ischemic heart disease (IHD) is 40% for all 15- to 64-year-old men in England and Wales, whereas 18 of the preceding 90 deaths are attributed to IHD, then answer Problem 7.33 if deaths caused by IHD are excluded from the total?

One criticism of studies of this type is that they are biased by the “healthy worker” effect. That is, workers in general are healthier than the general population, particularly regarding cardiovascular endpoints, which makes the proportion of deaths from non-cardiovascular causes seem abnormally high.