• a change in management, with managers of former DDR enterprises still often the same people who operated under the old system, but perhaps then in more junior positions. Somes managers have been recruited from the West, to fill sales positions where there may be a lack of experience; they are better paid with greater pay differentials than existed in the old system, and have greater freedom of decision making, and can exert more control downwards; managers are less encumbered by rules and interference; and they need to work harder under greater pressure to succeed;