187 Cigar smoking and cancer. The Journal of the National Cancer Institute (Feb. 16, 2000) published the results of a study that investigated the association between cigar smoking and death from tobacco-related cancers. Data were obtained for a national sample of 137,243 American men. The results are summarized in the table on the next page . Each male in the study was classified according to his cigar-smoking status and whether or not he died from a tobacco-related cancer.

a. Find the probability that a randomly selected man never smoked cigars and died from cancer.

b. Find the probability that a randomly selected man was a former cigar smoker and died from cancer.

c. Find the probability that a randomly selected man was a current cigar smoker and died from cancer.

d. Given that a male was a current cigar smoker, find the probability that he died from cancer.

e. Given that a male never smoked cigars, find the probability that he died from cancer.

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Died from Cancer Cigars Yes No Totals Never Smoked 782 120,747 121,529 Former Smoker 91 7,757 7,848 Current Smoker 141 7,725 7,866 Totals 1,014 136,229 137,243 Based on Shapiro, J. A., Jacobs, E. J., and Thun, M. J. "Cigar smoking in men and risk of death from tobacco-related cancers." Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 92, No. 4, Feb. 16, 2000 (Table 2).