8. Let's assume you conducted a study to determine the effect "noise" has on flight stu- dents' performance, which was measured in a simulator and defined as the mean deviation from the glidepath in degrees. The same group of students was first exposed to a "silent" condition in which the CFI was quiet throughout the flight instruction, followed by a "noisy" condition in which the CFI constantly asked stu- dents questions related to the flight and required students to respond to the ques- tions. Students completed 10 trials under each condition. Suppose the results were MSilent = 1.7, MNoisy = 3.7, t(8)=-3, p = .0171. Which of the following describes how carry-over effects could have impacted the results?

a. Students completed 10 trials before they underwent the noisy condition, which led to a practice effect that significantly improved their performance.

b. Students completed 10 trials before they underwent the noisy condition, which led to a fatigue effect that significantly degraded their performance.

c. The ordering of the conditions was responsible for the results. If students were exposed to the noisy condition first followed by the silent condition, then the results would be different.

d. Based on the results, it does not appear that carry-over effects impacted the re- sults because the mean difference was not statistically significant.